Atropine Ophthalmic Solution to Reduce Myopia Progression in Pediatric Subjects: The Randomized, Double-Blind Multicenter Phase II APPLE Study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the dose-response effects of low-dose atropine on myopia progression and safety in pediatric subjects with mild-to-moderate myopia.

Methods: This phase II, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study compared the efficacy and safety of atropine 0.0025%, 0.

Comprehensive separation of secondary metabolites in natural products by high-speed counter-current chromatography using a three-phase solvent system.

High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) using the three-phase solvent system n-hexane-methyl acetate-acetonitrile-water at a volume ratio of 4:4:3:4 was applied to the comprehensive separation of secondary metabolites in several natural product extracts. A wide variety of secondary metabolites in each natural product was effectively extracted with the three-phase solvent system, and the filtered extract was directly submitted to the HSCCC separation using the same three-phase system. In the HSCCC profiles of crude natural drugs listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, several physiologically active compounds were clearly separated from other components in the extracts.

Retention behavior of oligomeric proanthocyanidins in hydrophilic interaction chromatography.

A novel method was developed for the separation of proanthocyanidins (PAs; oligomeric flavan-3-ols) by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) using an amide-silica column eluting with an aqueous acetonitrile mobile phase. The best separation was achieved with a linear gradient elution of acetonitrile-water at ratios of 9:1 to 5:5 (v/v) for 60 min at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min.

Three-phase solvent systems for comprehensive separation of a wide variety of compounds by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

Three-phase solvent systems were efficiently utilized for high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) to separate multiple components with a wide range of hydrophobicity. The compositions of three-phase systems were optimized according to their physical parameters such as volume ratio, viscosity and specific gravity of upper (UP), middle (MP) and lower (LP) phases. The three-phase systems composed of n-hexane-methyl acetate-acetonitrile-water (4:4:3:4, v/v/v/v) was selected for HSCCC separation of a mixture of 15 standard compounds with a wide range in hydrophobicity from beta-carotene to tryptophan.