Reviewing COVID-19 from an anesthesiologist's perspective in 2022: JA symposium.

The COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing as of September 2022. Since January 2020 when the first case was reported in Japan, the medical community faced a variety of problems both domestically and internationally. It is meaningful to review the impact of COVID-19 from an anesthesiologist's perspective to clarify our policy for future infectious disease outbreaks.

Lipid emulsion facilitates reversal from volatile anesthetics in a rodent model.

Background: Lipid emulsion infusion is a first-line therapy against the toxicity of local anesthetics and is a potential treatment for other drug overdoses, especially for highly lipophilic drugs. Considering the lipophilic property of volatile anesthetics, we hypothesized that lipid emulsion could reverse general anesthesia.

Methods: Using adult rats, we tested the effect of lipid emulsion infusion on time to emergence after discontinuation of sevoflurane and isoflurane, and further evaluated restoration of righting reflex under continuous sevoflurane anesthesia.

Treatment and outcome of COVID-19 patients in a specialized hospital during the third wave: advance of age and increased mortality compared with the first/second waves.

Purpose: To elucidate the clinical course of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treated at a specialized hospital mainly for those with mild and moderate severity during the third wave, and to compare that with the first and second (1st/2nd) waves.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the severity on admission, treatment, and outcome of a total of 581 patients from September, 2020, to March, 2021, and examined the risk factors for deterioration of respiratory condition, defined as requiring oxygen ≥ 7 L/min for 12 h.

Results: The median age was 78 (interquartile range 62-83) years, older than in the 1st/2nd waves (53 years), and 50% of the patients was male.

Clinical profiles and outcome of patients with COVID-19 in a specialized hospital in Japan.

Purpose: To characterize the clinical features and outcome of patients treated at a specialized hospital for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the symptoms on admission, treatment, and outcome of a total of 300 patients with mild (peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO) ≥ 96%), moderate I (93% < SpO < 96%), moderate II (SpO ≤ 93%) and severe (requiring admission to the ICU or mechanical ventilation) COVID-19.

Results: Median age was 53 (interquartile range [IQR] 33-72) years and 57% was male.

Impact of intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy on major morbidity and mortality after transthoracic oesophagectomy: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial.

Background: Transthoracic oesophagectomy is associated with major morbidity and mortality, which may be reduced by goal-directed therapy (GDT). The aim of this multicentre, RCT was to evaluate the impact of intraoperative GDT on major morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing transthoracic oesophagectomy.

Methods: Adult patients undergoing transthoracic oesophagectomy were randomised to receive either minimally invasive intraoperative GDT (stroke volume variation <8%, plus systolic BP maintained >90 mm Hg by pressors as necessary) or haemodynamic management left to the discretion of attending senior anaesthetists (control group; systolic BP >90 mm Hg alone).

COVID-19: review of case reports.

Recently published case reports relating to anesthesia in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were reviewed. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by positive results of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Numerous reports handled emergency cesarean delivery.

Use of desflurane during anesthesia for resection of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma: a case report.

Background: Although various agents are used during anesthesia for surgical resection of pheochromocytoma, application of desflurane has rarely been reported. We report the use of desflurane in a case receiving resection of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma.

Case Presentation: A 51-year-old female was transferred to our hospital for sustained hypertension.

LOX-1 deficient mice show resistance to zymosan-induced arthritis.

Recent data suggest that the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1)/ox-LDL system may be involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis. We aimed to demonstrate the roles of the LOX-1/ox-LDL system in arthritis development by using LOX-1 knockout (KO) mice. Arthritis was induced in the right knees of C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT) and LOX-1 KO mice via zymosan injection.

Pulmonary embolism caused by ovarian vein thrombosis during cesarean section: a case report.

Background: Ovarian vein thrombosis is a rare complication of pregnancy. The representative complaints of patients with ovarian vein thrombosis are abdominal pain and fever. In some cases, however, fatal pulmonary embolism may develop.

Electroencephalographic effect of age-adjusted 1 MAC desflurane and sevoflurane in young, middle-aged, and elderly patients.

Purpose: We examined the hypothesis that 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane and sevoflurane provides different depth of anesthesia.

Methods: One hundred and twenty young (20-30 years), middle-aged (31-65 years), and elderly (66-80 years) patients were randomly allocated to receive either desflurane or sevoflurane (n = 20, each group). General anesthesia was induced with propofol 2 mg/kg bolus and remifentanil 0.

Lectin-like, oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1-deficient mice show resistance to age-related knee osteoarthritis.

The lectin-like, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1)/ox-LDL system contributes to atherosclerosis and may be involved in cartilage degeneration. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the LOX-1/ox-LDL system contributes to age-related osteoarthritis (OA) in vivo, using LOX-1 knockout (LOX-1 KO) mice. Knee cartilage from 6, 12, and 18-month old (n = 10/group) C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT) and LOX-1 KO mice was evaluated by determining the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score of Safranin-O stained samples.

The effect of sevoflurane on electrocorticographic spike activity in pediatric patients with epilepsy.

Background: Electrocorticogram (ECoG) spike activity is enhanced under general anesthesia with 1.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) sevoflurane compared with lower concentrations in adult patients with epilepsy. However, the effect of concentration of sevoflurane on ECoG in children with epilepsy is less known.

Resin Bonding of Self-Etch Adhesives to Bovine Dentin Bleached from Pulp Chamber.

This study evaluated the microtensile bond strength (TBS) of 1-step self-etch adhesives (1-SEAs) and 2-step self-etch adhesives (2-SEAs) to pulp chamber dentin immediately after bleaching with 2 types of common bleaching techniques. Pulp chamber dentin of bovine teeth was bleached using 30% hydrogen peroxide (HO) solution with quartz-tungsten-halogen light-curing unit (Group 1) and 3.5% HO-containing titanium dioxide (TiO) (Pyrenees®) activated with 405-nm violet diode laser for 15 min (Group 2).

[Repeated General Anesthesia for a Child with Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome].

An 11 day-old-girl was transferred to our hospital for surgical treatment of craniosynostosis. Either her fam- ily history or intrauterine growth was not remarkable. In addition to craniofacial deformities such as brachy- cephaly due to bicoronal craniosynostosis, high-arched palate, inferiorly positioned ears and midfacial defor- mity, she was accompanied with cardiovascular anom- alies including patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary artery stenosis as well as low anal atresia.

The Pharmacokinetics of Atomized Lidocaine Administered via the Trachea: A Randomized Trial.

Background: Under emergent conditions, endotracheal drug administration may be an effective method of delivering emergency drugs. A common technique is to administer these drugs using a nonatomized spray. Atomized drug delivery may be an attractive alternative to nonatomized delivery because atomized particles are small, cover a large surface area, and may better adhere to endotracheal membrane resulting in more effective drug absorption.

Rapid sequence spinal anesthesia for the most urgent cesarean section: a simulation and clinical application.

Rapid sequence spinal anesthesia is a recently developed technique for the most urgent, category-1 cesarean section. To successfully perform this technique, it is important to multi-disciplinarily discuss with all staffs related to delivery, make a local protocol in each hospital and simulate the procedure with them. Owing to the above preparation, we were able to perform the technique smoothly also in the real patient.

The influence of colored zirconia on the optical properties of all-ceramic restorations.

This study investigated the effects of different colored tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (TZP) core on the optical properties of TZP framework restorations. Three various colors of TZP discs (Katana Zirconia) 14 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm thickness were layered with 2 shades of veneering ceramics (shade A1 and A4: Cerabian ZR).

[Anesthetic Management of a Parturient with Eclampsia, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome and Pulmonary Edema due to Pregnancy-induced Hypertension].

A 27-year-old woman with mental retardation was admitted to a nearby hospital for an abrupt onset of seizure. Physical examination revealed remarkable hypertension and pregnancy with estimated gestational age of 28th week. Severe pulmonary edema and hypoxia led to a diagnosis of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) accompanied by eclampsia.

The management of difficult intubation in infants: a retrospective review of anesthesia record database.

We retrospectively reviewed the anesthesia records of infants < 1 year of age for elucidating the incidence of difficult intubation and airway management in a single general hospital. The electronic data records from a total of 753 consecutive anesthesiological procedures in 513 different infants were analyzed. After excluding data with a lack of records of laryngoscopic findings, a total of 497 procedures (389 different infants) with either remarks of difficult intubation (requiring > 10 min for tracheal intubation) or records of Cormack-Lehane grade were included.