Relationship Between Rumen Microbial Composition and Fibrolytic Isozyme Activity During the Biodegradation of Rice Straw Powder Using Rumen Fluid.

Rumen fibrolytic microorganisms have been used to increase the rate of lignocellulosic biomass biodegradation; however, the microbial and isozymatic characteristics of biodegradation remain unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between rumen microorganisms and fibrolytic isozymes associated with lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis. Rice straw, a widely available agricultural byproduct, was ground and used as a substrate.

Shifts in xylanases and the microbial community associated with xylan biodegradation during treatment with rumen fluid.

Treatment with rumen fluid improves methane production from non-degradable lignocellulosic biomass during subsequent methane fermentation; however, the kinetics of xylanases during treatment with rumen fluid remain unclear. This study aimed to identify key xylanases contributing to xylan degradation and their individual activities during xylan treatment with bovine rumen microorganisms. Xylan was treated with bovine rumen fluid at 37°C for 48 h under anaerobic conditions.

Characteristics of various fibrolytic isozyme activities in the rumen microbial communities of Japanese Black and Holstein Friesian cattle under different conditions.

Rumen microorganisms produce various fibrolytic enzymes and degrade lignocellulosic materials into nutrient sources for ruminants; therefore, the characterization of fibrolytic enzymes contributing to the polysaccharide degradation in the rumen microbiota is important for efficient animal production. This study characterized the fibrolytic isozyme activities of a rumen microbiota from four groups of housed cattle (1, breeding Japanese Black; 2, feedlot Japanese Black; 3, lactating Holstein Friesian; 4, dry Holstein Friesian). Rumen fluids in all cattle groups showed similar concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and reducing sugars, whereas acetic acid contents and pH were different among them.

Change of Endoglucanase Activity and Rumen Microbial Community During Biodegradation of Cellulose Using Rumen Microbiota.

Treatment with rumen microorganisms improves the methane fermentation of undegradable lignocellulosic biomass; however, the role of endoglucanase in lignocellulose digestion remains unclear. This study was conducted to investigate endoglucanases contributing to cellulose degradation during treatment with rumen microorganisms, using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a substrate. The rate of CMC degradation increased for the first 24 h of treatment.

Diversity of Sulfur-oxidizing Bacteria at the Surface of Cattle Manure Composting Assessed by an Analysis of the Sulfur Oxidation Gene soxB.

Sulfur-oxidizing bacterial diversity at the surface of cattle manure was characterized throughout the composting process using a sulfur oxidation gene (soxB) clone library approach. In the mesophilic phase, clones related to the genera Hydrogenophaga and Hydrogenophilus were characteristically detected. In the thermophilic phase, clones related to the genera Hydrogenophaga and Thiohalobacter were predominant.

Identification of bacteria involved in the decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass treated with cow rumen fluid by metagenomic analysis.

We had developed a new pretreatment system using cow rumen fluid to improve the methane production from lignocellulosic substrates. However, the pretreatment conditions differ from the in-situ rumen environment, therefore different microbes may be involved in plant cell wall decomposition. In the current study, shotgun metagenomic analysis using MiSeq platform was performed to elucidate the bacteria which produce cellulase and hemicellulase in this pretreatment system.

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Cattle Rumen Fluid for Methane Production: Fate of Added Rumen Microbes and Indigenous Microbes of Methane Seed Sludge.

The pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates with cattle rumen fluid was successfully developed to increase methane production. In the present study, a 16S rRNA gene-targeted amplicon sequencing approach using the MiSeq platform was applied to elucidate the effects of the rumen fluid treatment on the microbial community structure in laboratory-scale batch methane fermenters. Methane production in fermenters fed rumen fluid-treated rapeseed (2,077.

Preservation of rumen fluid for the pretreatment of waste paper to improve methane production.

It is necessary to preserve rumen fluid for transport from slaughterhouses to the pretreatment facilities for use in treating lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we investigated how the preservation of rumen fluid at various temperatures affects its use in hydrolysis of waste paper. Rumen fluid was preserved anaerobically at 4, 20, and 35 °C for 7 days.

Pretreatment with rumen fluid improves methane production in the anaerobic digestion of paper sludge.

Because paper sludge discharged from the waste paper recycling process contains high levels of lignin and ash, it is not hydrolyzed effectively during anaerobic digestion. In this study, we investigated the effects of pretreatment with rumen fluid on paper sludge and on the methane fermentation process. Paper sludge was pretreated with rumen fluid at 37 °C for 6 h.

A solution for private assessment in indirect reciprocity using solitary observation.

Although indirect reciprocity is a fundamental mechanism in the evolution of human cooperation, most studies assume public assessment in which individuals are not permitted to obtain private assessments of others. Existing studies on private assessment have used individual-based simulations because of the analytical difficulty involved. Here, we develop an analytical method using solitary observation to solve private assessment in indirect reciprocity problem without any approximation.

Prevalence and etiology of mastitis in dairy cattle in El Oro Province, Ecuador.

This study described the occurrence of clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis in 250 cattle from 5 dairy farms around the cities of Santa Rosa and Machala, El Oro Province, Ecuador. Clinical mastitis (CM) was determined based on obvious changes in milk (mild), signs of inflammation in the udder (moderate), and/or generalized clinical symptoms (severe). Subclinical mastitis (SCM) was assessed using the California mastitis test.

Prevalence, genotyping and risk factors of Giardia duodenalis from dogs in Vietnam.

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, genotypes/assemblages and possible risk factors associated with Giardia duodenalis infection in dogs in central Vietnam. A total of 209 dog fecal samples, randomly collected from private owned dogs (n=105) and dogs from stores (n=104), were examined for Giardia cysts by microscopy. Positive samples were genotyped by PCR-sequence analysis of β-giardin and triosephosphate isomerase genes markers.

Clinical, pathological, and molecular data concerning in Sheep in Egypt.

This article contains information related to a recent study "Prevalence and Identity of cysts "" in Sheep in Egypt" (Amer et al., 2017) [1]. Specifically, affected sheep showed neurological disorders manifested as depression, head shaking and circling, altered head position, incoordination and paralysis in some cases.

Tolerant indirect reciprocity can boost social welfare through solidarity with unconditional cooperators in private monitoring.

Indirect reciprocity is an important mechanism for resolving social dilemmas. Previous studies explore several types of assessment rules that are evolutionarily stable for keeping cooperation regimes. However, little is known about the effects of private information on social systems.

Prevalence and Identity of Taenia multiceps cysts "Coenurus cerebralis" in Sheep in Egypt.

Coenurosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage (Coenurus cerebralis) of the canids cestode Taenia multiceps. C. cerebralis particularly infects sheep and goats, and pose a public health concerns.

Detection and molecular status of Isospora sp. from the domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica).

The domestic pigeon, Columba livia domestica, is reared for meat production, as a pet, or for racing. Few reports have characterized the parasitic protists from the genus Isospora isolated from Columbiformes. We detected Isospora-like oocysts from C.

The evolution of conditional moral assessment in indirect reciprocity.

Indirect reciprocity is a major mechanism in the maintenance of cooperation among unrelated individuals. Indirect reciprocity leads to conditional cooperation according to social norms that discriminate the good (those who deserve to be rewarded with help) and the bad (those who should be punished by refusal of help). Despite intensive research, however, there is no definitive consensus on what social norms best promote cooperation through indirect reciprocity, and it remains unclear even how those who refuse to help the bad should be assessed.

Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass by cattle rumen fluid for methane production: Bacterial flora and enzyme activity analysis.

We attempted to develop a pretreatment method for methane fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass using cattle rumen fluid, treated as slaughterhouse waste. When rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was added to the methane fermentation after being solubilized with rumen fluid, 1.

Indirect reciprocity can overcome free-rider problems on costly moral assessment.

Indirect reciprocity is one of the major mechanisms of the evolution of cooperation. Because constant monitoring and accurate evaluation in moral assessments tend to be costly, indirect reciprocity can be exploited by cost evaders. A recent study crucially showed that a cooperative state achieved by indirect reciprocators is easily destabilized by cost evaders in the case with no supportive mechanism.

Prevalence and first genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in beef calves in Vietnam.

Little information is available on the epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis in beef cattle from Vietnam. This study was performed to determine the prevalence and genotypes/assemblages of G. duodenalis in native beef calves younger than 6 months in the region.

Role of the Cytosolic Heat Shock Protein 70 Ssa5 in the Ciliate Protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila.

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a member of a family of conserved chaperone proteins whose function is well investigated in many model organisms. Here we focus on an Hsp70 called Ssa5 in the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila, and reveal that its translation is heat inducible as for general Hsps. Moreover, the protein is abundantly expressed in the cytoplasm during sexual reproduction (conjugation) as well as in response to heat-stress.

Synthesis of marine natural product (-)-pericosine E.

The first synthesis of (-)-pericosine E (6), a metabolite of the Periconia byssoides OUPS-N133 isolated originally from the sea hare Aplysia kurodai, has been achieved. Efficient and regioselective synthetic procedures for the synthesis of key intermediates, anti- and syn-epoxides 9 and 10, were developed using an anti-epoxidation of diene 12 with TFDO and a bromohydrination of 12 with NBS in CH(3)CN/H(2)O (2:3), respectively. In addition, comparison of the specific optical rotations between synthetic 6 and natural 6 elucidated that the naturally preferred enantiomer of pericosine E had the same absolute configuration as (-)-6 synthesized from chlorohydrin (-)-8 and anti-epoxide (+)-9.

Site-specific phosphorylation of Tau protein is associated with deacetylation of microtubules in mouse spermatogenic cells during meiosis.

Tau is one of the microtubule-associated proteins and a major component of paired helical filaments, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Its expression has also been indicated in the testis. However, its function and modification in the testis have not been established.

Enhancing methane production during the anaerobic digestion of crude glycerol using Japanese cedar charcoal.

The use of Japanese cedar charcoal as a support material for microbial attachment could enhance methane production during anaerobic digestion of crude glycerol and wastewater sludge. Methane yield from a charcoal-containing reactor was approximately 1.6 times higher than that from a reactor without charcoal, and methane production was stable over 50 days when the loading rate was 2.