Influence of Pomegranate Appearance Attributes on Consumer Choice, and Identification of Barriers and Drivers for Consumption.

In a prepurchase situation, consumers base their choice decision on external fruit characteristics, from which they infer internal characteristics. This study investigates consumer preference for pomegranate appearance using a choice-based conjoint analysis with 320 participants. We created 27 images of pomegranates that differed in varietal characteristics: colour (yellow, bicoloured, and red), shape (round, oval, and flattened), and calyx shape (open, semi-open, and closed).

Analytical validation of a laboratory-development multigene pharmacogenetic assay.

Objective: The implementation of pharmacogenetics (PGx) in clinical practice is an essential tool for personalized medicine. However, clinical laboratories must validate their procedures before being used to perform PGx studies in patients, in order to confirm that they are adequate for the intended purposes.

Methods: We designed a validation process for our in-house pharmacogenetic PCR-based method assay.

Stereocontrolled Addition of Scrambling -Sulfinyl Carbanions: Easy Access to Homopropargylamines and α-Allenylamines.

An unprecedented behavior of -sulfinylpropargyl carbanions in the presence of optically active sulfinylimines affords two different families of compounds: this peculiar chemodivergency is importantly affected by the nature of the employed base, and assisted by the configuration of the electrophile, displaying no alteration in the stereocontrol of both reactions. α-Allenylamines are formed exclusively, using -sulfinyl aldimines as electrophiles, while homopropargylamines result when -sulfinyl aldimines are employed.

Asymmetric [2,3]-Wittig Rearrangement: Synthesis of Homoallylic, Allenylic, and Enynyl α-Benzyl Alcohols.

A highly stereoselective [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement of allylic and propargylic ethers controlled by a chiral sulfoxide moiety is presented. The activation provided by the sulfoxide at the remote ortho position allows the rearrangement of less-activated and unexplored benzylic carbanions. Thus, this general methodology gives access to the asymmetric synthesis of homoallylic, enynyl, and allenylic α-benzyl alcohol derivatives.

Development and Application of Asymmetric Organocatalytic Mukaiyama and Vinylogous Mukaiyama-Type Reactions.

Organocatalysis is a growing area that is benefiting from advances in many fields. Its implementation has begun in areas such as supramolecular chemistry, organic chemistry and natural product synthesis. While a considerable number of important publications in the field of organocatalytic Mukaiyama-type additions have been reported, they are yet to be fully covered in a review.

Application of a multivariate analysis method for non-target screening detection of persistent transformation products during the cork boiling wastewater treatment.

Cork boiling wastewater is a very complex mixture of naturally occurring compounds leached and partially oxidized during the boiling cycles. The effluent generated is recalcitrant and could cause a significant environmental impact. Moreover, if this untreated industrial wastewater enters a municipal wastewater treatment plant it could hamper or reduce the efficiency of most activated sludge degradation processes.

Asymmetric Synthesis of Secondary and Tertiary Propargylic Alcohols by Umpolung of Acetylenic Sulfones and ortho-Sulfinyl Carbanions.

The generation of diastereomerically enriched secondary benzyl propargyl alcohols by the asymmetric addition of ortho-sulfinylbenzyl carbanions to sulfonylacetylene derivatives via formation of a Csp-Csp bond is described. This reaction proceeds through an unusual α-attack (anti-Michael addition) of the ortho-sulfinylbenzyl carbanions, followed by elimination of the arylsulfonyl moiety. The scope of this alkynylation reaction is also discussed.

Cork boiling wastewater treatment and reuse through combination of advanced oxidation technologies.

Industrial preparation of cork consists of its immersion for approximately 1 hour in boiling water. The use of herbicides and pesticides in oak tree forests leads to absorption of these compounds by cork; thus, after boiling process, they are present in wastewater. Cork boiling wastewater shows low biodegradability and high acute toxicity involving partial inhibition of their biodegradation when conventional biological treatment is applied.

The relationship between regular sports participation and vigilance in male and female adolescents.

The present study investigated the relationship between regular sport participation (soccer) and vigilance performance. Two groups of male and female adolescents differentiated in terms of their sport participation (athletes, n = 39, and non-athletes, n = 36) took part in the study. In one session, participants performed the Leger Multi-stage fitness test to estimate their aerobic fitness level.

A straightforward alkynylation of Li and Mg metalated heterocycles with sulfonylacetylenes.

Coupling of alkynyl moieties to heterocyclic rings, without using transition metals, can be easily performed by the reaction of aryl or heteroaryl sulfonylacetylenes with heteroaryl-Li compounds or their corresponding less reactive magnesium derivatives.

Dynamic modelling for cork boiling wastewater treatment at pilot plant scale.

Solar photo-Fenton process has been extensively reported to be highly efficient in the remediation of complex industrial wastewater containing several families of pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, derivatives of wine, etc. Moreover, solar photo-Fenton mathematical modelling regarded as a powerful tool for scaling-up and process control purposes is hindered by the complexity and variability of its reaction mechanism which depends on the particular wastewater under study. In this work, non-biodegradable cork boiling wastewater has been selected as a case study for solar photo-Fenton dynamic modelling by using MATLAB® software.

1,2-Dimeth-oxy-4-methyl-3-[(S)-p-tolyl-sulfin-yl]benzene.

In the title compound, C(16)H(18)O(3)S, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 75.48 (8)°. The absolute configuration at the stereogenic S-atom center was determined as S.

Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-(-)-xylopinine. Use of the sulfinyl group as an ipso director in aromatic SE.

Optically pure (S)-(-)-xylopinine 2 was prepared in three steps in 52% overall yield. Thus, condensation of the carbanion derived from (S)-4 with the (S)-(E)-sulfinylimine 5 gave a 2:1 mixture of tetrahydroisoquinolines 6a and 6b, differing only in configuration at sulfur. N-Desulfinylation of this mixture gave the diastereomeric sulfoxides which, without separation, were converted into (S)-(-)-xylopinine (2) with loss of the sulfinyl moieties under Pictet-Spengler conditions.

Methyl sulfinates as electrophiles in Friedel-Crafts reactions. Synthesis of aryl sulfoxides.

The Friedel-Crafts reaction of methyl alkyl- and arylsulfinates with aromatic systems, activated by one or more electron-donating substituents (OH, OMe, NHR, NR(2)), provides alkyl aryl and diaryl sulfoxides under mild conditions and in moderate to good yields. The very high regioselectivity usually observed in these sulfinylation reactions is rationalized on the basis of a Wheland intermediate having a trigonal bypyramidal structure in which steric and electronic interactions are significant factors strongly destabilizing the attack to the ortho positions.

1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazoalkanes to (S)-(+)-3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfinyl]-5,6-dihydropyran-2-one. Synthesis of optically pure cyclopropanes by denitrogenation of sulfinyl and sulfonyl pyrazolines.

The addition of diazomethane and diazoethane to enantiopure (S)-(+)-3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfinyl]-5,6-dihydropyran-2-one (3) afforded the corresponding pyrazolines 4 and 6-exo in good yields and with almost complete pi-facial selectivity. When the reaction is effected in the presence of Yb(OTf)(3), the facial selectivity is inverted to give the pyrazolines 5 and 7-exo. The denitrogenation of optically pure sulfinyl pyrazolines 4-7-exo into the corresponding cyclopropanes with Yb(OTf)(3) occurred with complete retention of configuration but moderate chemoselectivity and yields.

Monoalkylation of primary amines and N-sulfinylamides.

An efficient monoalkylation of primary amines with primary or secondary alcohols catalyzed by Ra-Ni under mild conditions is described.

Scarce evidence of yogurt lactic acid bacteria in human feces after daily yogurt consumption by healthy volunteers.

In a double-blind prospective study including 114 healthy young volunteers, the presence in human feces of the yogurt organisms Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Streptococcus thermophilus after repeated yogurt consumption (15 days) was analyzed by culture, specific PCR, and DNA hybridization of total fecal DNA. Detection of yogurt lactic acid bacteria in total fecal DNA by bacterial culture and PCR assay was consistently negative. DNA compatible with yogurt bacteria was found by hybridization experiments in only 10 (10.

Diethyl 2-[cyano(toluene-4-sulfinyl)methylene]propanedioate and its Diels-Alder adduct with cyclopentadiene.

The thermal Diels-Alder cycloadditon reaction of diethyl 2-[cyano(toluene-4-sulfinyl)methylene]propanedioate, C(16)H(17)NO(5)S, with cyclopentadiene gave the pure racemates of two of the four possible diastereomers, with a complete pi-facial selectivity and a high (80:20) endo/exo-sulfinyl selectivity. X-ray diffraction studies of diethyl 2-[cyano(toluene-4-sulfinyl)methylene]propanedioate and the major isomer of the cycloaddition product, namely diethyl 3-cyano-3-(toluene-4-sulfinyl)bicyclo[2.2.

Synthesis and Diels-Alder Reactions of a New Kind of Chiral Dienophiles: Cyclic Vinyl-p-tolylsulfilimines.

A new kind of chiral dienophiles, cyclic vinyl-p-tolylsulfilimines (2a and 2b), were obtained from the corresponding (Z)-sulfinylacrylonitriles with HBF(4) and methanol. The asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of optically pure 2a with cyclopentadiene under mild thermal or catalyzed conditions afforded only the endo-4a adduct with complete endo and pi-facial selectivities. The ability of the sulfilimine moiety to enhance the dienophilic reactivity of the double bond is similar to that of the sulfinyl group.

Absolute configuration of (-)-5-benzoyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-alpha]pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid, the active enantiomer of ketorolac.

The (-)-S isomer of 5-benzoyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-alpha]pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid is about 60 times more potent than the (+)-R isomer in the carrageenan edema test and ca. 230 times more active than the (+)-R isomer in the mouse phenylquinone writhing assay.