Two discoveries, one principle: Using a two-stage Bayesian model to explain a dissociated working memory distraction effect.

How working memory (WM) resists perceptual distraction with its limited capacity is a fundamental question to understand its mechanism. To address this question, we used a continuous recall paradigm to directly compare the distraction effect during encoding and the delay periods. Across Experiments 1-3, we observed a substantial distraction-related cost on mnemonic fidelity when distractors presented during the delay (delay-distraction condition), but not if they were introduced at encoding (encoding-distraction condition) or across both periods (full-distraction condition).

Direct evidence for proactive suppression of salient-but-irrelevant emotional information inputs.

It has long been debated whether emotional information inherently captures attention. The mainstream view suggests that the attentional processing of emotional information is automatic and difficult to be controlled. Here, we provide direct evidence that salient-but-irrelevant emotional information inputs can be proactively suppressed.

Biological motion gains preferential access to awareness during continuous flash suppression: Local biological motion matters.

Humans have developed excellent capabilities for the detection of biological motion (BM) that facilitate survival and interpersonal interactions. However, whether and how such capabilities allow BM to access our awareness remain unanswered questions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore these questions across four experiments that relied on the breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm (b-CFS).

Dose-Related Aberrant Inhibition of Intracellular Perforin Expression by S1 Subunit of Spike Glycoprotein That Contains Receptor-Binding Domain from SARS-CoV-2.

Studies had shown that severe cases of COVID-19 tend to have high viral loads and correlate with functional impairment of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and the features of cytokine storm syndrome are similar to manifestations of severe influenza that have been partially explained by suppressed perforin expression. To test the hypothesis that the spike glycoprotein from SARS-CoV-2 may inhibit the perforin expression, we determined the kinetics of immune responses of CD8+ T cells to low dose (LD) or high dose (HD) of S1 stimulation through an in vitro dendritic cell (DC)-T cell model over seven days of incubation. The cytotoxic activity and intracellular perforin expression of CD8+ T cells induced by HD-S1-presenting DCs were aberrantly lower than those induced by LD-S1-presenting DCs from day three of incubation.

Selective attention operates on the group level for interactive biological motion.

How do we distribute attention to interactive biological motion (BM)? There are 2 main hypotheses: (a) distribution-by-individual hypothesis, suggesting that interactive BM will not be taken as one unit in attention distribution, and an individual BM is independently selected; and (b) distribution-by-group hypothesis, indicating that interactions between BM can integrate them as one attention unit. We examined these hypotheses using a modified cueing paradigm. Participants observed 4 upright BM interacting in pairs (paired condition) or not interacting (unpaired condition), and after a cue for 1 agent, they determined whether the probe was the letters T or L (Experiment 1, sample size = 20).

[Constriction effect of daidzein on guinea pig's gall bladder].

Objective: To study the effect of daidzein on gall bladder constriction.

Methods: To study daidzein how to antagonize the gall bladder constriction of guinea pig induced by acitylcholine, histamine, excessive K+ or Ca2+.

Results: It has been found that daidzein could remarkedly antagonize the gall bladder constriction of guinea pig induced by acitylcholine, histamine, excessive K+, cumulation Ca2+.