Phylogenomics and divergence pattern of Polygonatum (Asparagaceae: Polygonateae) in the north temperate region.

Polygonatum is the largest genus of tribe Polygonateae (Asparagaceae) and is widely distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, especially well diversified in southwestern China to northeastern Asia. Phylogenetic relationships of many species are still controversial. Hence it is necessary to clarify their phylogenetic relationships and infer possible reticulate relationships for the genus.

Simple spectral reduction algorithm used for the echelle spectrometer.

The structure of the echelle spectrometer equipped with a prism cross-dispersion element is very complex because of the nonlinear interaction between the prism and the echelle grating, which makes it difficult to extract the wavelength information from the two-dimensional spectrogram. According to the dispersion equations of both the grating and the prism direction, a wavelength calibration model is derived, establishing a relationship between the pixel position and the wavelength. It is found that a calibration process is always needed in repeated experiments due to the slight change of the spectrometer parameters caused by the environment.

Gluteus Medius and Minimus Muscle Structure, Strength, and Function in Healthy Adults: Brief Report.

This article describes gluteus medius and minimus muscle thickness and hip abductor strength and function in healthy adults and explores the relationships between muscle thickness and function. Gluteus medius and minimus muscle thickness (B-mode ultrasound), isometric hip abductor strength (Biodex dynamometer), and lower extremity function (timed Trendelenburg test, Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test [FTSST], and lateral step-down test) were measured in healthy adults using a cross-sectional study design. A total of 22 subjects were included: 10 men and 12 women, mean age 25.