Immune Cells Promote BDNF Expression by Infiltrated Macrophages via Interleukin 4 in the Cerebral Ischemia of Male Rats.

We reported that infiltrated Ly6C macrophages express brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) only at the cerebral cortex infarct in a rat dMCAO model. However, the changein neuron-expressed BDNF, the niche components that induce the Ly6C cells to express BDNF, and the cellular sources of these components, remain unclear. In this study, immunofluorescence double staining was performed to label BDNF and Ly6C on brain sections at 3, 24, and 48 h following distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) of male rats, and to stain BDNF with Ly6C, IL-4R, and IL-10R.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell/embryonic stem cell-derived pyramidal neuronal precursors show safety and efficacy in a rat spinal cord injury model.

Nerve regeneration and circuit reconstruction remain a challenge following spinal cord injury (SCI). Corticospinal pyramidal neurons possess strong axon projection ability. In this study, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated into pyramidal neuronal precursors (PNPs) by addition of small molecule dorsomorphin into the culture.

Treatment of Syringomyelia Characterized by Focal Dilatation of the Central Canal Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Neural Stem Cells.

Background: Syringomyelia is a progressive chronic disease that leads to nerve pain, sensory dissociation, and dyskinesia. Symptoms often do not improve after surgery. Stem cells have been widely explored for the treatment of nervous system diseases due to their immunoregulatory and neural replacement abilities.

Corrigendum: Proteomic profiling reveals the potential mechanisms and regulatory targets of sirtuin 4 in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's mouse model.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.

Proteomic profiling reveals the potential mechanisms and regulatory targets of sirtuin 4 in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's mouse model.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD), as a common neurodegenerative disease, currently has no effective therapeutic approaches to delay or stop its progression. There is an urgent need to further define its pathogenesis and develop new therapeutic targets. An increasing number of studies have shown that members of the sirtuin (SIRT) family are differentially involved in neurodegenerative diseases, indicating their potential to serve as targets in therapeutic strategies.

Self-Powered, Implantable, and Wirelessly Controlled NO Generation System for Intracranial Neuroglioma Therapy.

Gas therapy is an emerging technology for improving cancer therapy with high efficiency and low side effects. However, due to the existence of the gatekeeper of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the limited availability of current drug delivery systems, there still have been no reports on gas therapy for intracranial neuroglioma. Herein, an integrated, self-powered, and wirelessly controlled gas-therapy system is reported, which is composed of a self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and an implantable nitric oxide (NO) releasing device for intracranial neuroglioma therapy.

Induced neural stem cells from Macaca fascicularis show potential of dopaminergic neuron specification and efficacy in a mouse Parkinson's disease model.

Induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) can be reprogrammed from somatic cells and have shown potentials in treatment of various neurological diseases/disorders. Obtaining iNSCs of nonhuman primates serves as an important bridge for clinical translation using iNSCs. In the current study, cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were reprogrammed into iNSCs by transduction of non-integrative Sendai virus encoding transgenes OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and C-MYC.

Prognostic Biomarker KIF18A and Its Correlations With Immune Infiltrates and Mitosis in Glioma.

Glioma is globally recognised as one of the most frequently occurring primary malignant brain tumours, making the identification of glioma biomarkers critically significant. The protein KIF18A (Kinesin Family Member 18A) is a member of the kinesin superfamily of microtubule-associated molecular motors and has been shown to participate in cell cycle and mitotic metaphase and anaphase. This is the first investigation into the expression of KIF18A and its prognostic value, potential biological functions, and effects on the immune system and mitosis in glioma patients.

Identification of CD101 in Glioma: A Novel Prognostic Indicator Expressed on M2 Macrophages.

Glioma represents the most common primary intracranial malignancy worldwide, with low overall survival rates and limited therapeutic options. The protein CD101, mainly expressed on several immune cells, has been demonstrated to exert potent effects on blunting T cell immune responses across infectious and autoimmunity diseases. Nevertheless, the prognostic value of CD101 expression and its role in the immune microenvironment of various malignancies currently remains elusive.

Astrocytes constitute the major TNF-α-producing cell population in the infarct cortex in dMCAO rats receiving intravenous MSC infusion.

Recent studies report that inhibiting TNF-α might be a novel therapeutic strategy for managing brain ischemia. Our previous study reported that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation could suppress TNF-α level in both serum and brain. However, the cell type(s) that contribute to the production of TNF-α during ischemia following MSC transplantation has not been well studied.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation downregulates plasma level and the microglia expression of transforming growth factor β1 in the acute phase of cerebral cortex ischemia.

Background: Both bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) have a strong anti-inflammatory capacity in stroke. But their relationship has not been well addressed. In this study, we investigated how intravenous BM-MSC transplantation in rats effected the expression of TGF-β1 48 h post cerebral ischemia, and we analyzed the main cells that produce TGF-β1.

Peripheral Circulation and Astrocytes Contribute to the MSC-Mediated Increase in IGF-1 Levels in the Infarct Cortex in a dMCAO Rat Model.

Materials And Methods: Ischemic brain injury was induced by dMCAO in Sprague-Dawley rats. The transplantation group received MSC infusion 1 h after dMCAO. Expression of IGF-1 in GFAP+ astrocytes, Iba-1+ microglia/macrophages, CD3+ lymphocytes, Ly6C+ monocytes/macrophages, and neutrophil elastase (NE)+ neutrophils was examined to determine the contribution of these cells to the increase of IGF-1.

Plasma RANTES level is correlated with cardio-cerebral atherosclerosis burden in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Background: Regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted (RANTES) is a chemokine actively involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis (AS), which is the major cause of ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD). This study aimed to determine the associations between circulating RANTES level and overall AS conditions of cardiac and cerebral vessel beds in patients with ICVD.

Methods: Patients with ICVD admitted to the department of neurology of Xuanwu Hospital from April 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019 were prospectively enrolled in the study.

The Effect of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Protection of Dopaminergic Neurons from Apoptosis by Reducing Oxidative Stress in the Early Stage of a 6-OHDA-Induced Parkinson's Disease Model.

Oxidative stress is an important cause of dopaminergic (DA) neuron apoptosis in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess antioxidative features. In this study, we investigated whether MSCs could reduce oxidative stress and protect DA neurons from apoptosis by intravenous (I.

Glioblastoma extracellular vesicles induce the tumour-promoting transformation of neural stem cells.

Recurrent glioblastomas are frequently found near subventricular zone (SVZ) areas of the brain where neural stem cells (NSCs) reside, and glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are reported to play important roles in tumour micro-environment, but the details are not clear. Here, we investigated the possibility that NSCs are involved in glioblastoma relapse mediated by glioblastoma-derived EVs. We studied changes to NSCs by adding glioblastoma-derived EVs into a culture system of NSCs, and found that NSCs differentiated into a type of tumour-promoting cell.

Aging, rather than Parkinson's disease, affects the responsiveness of PBMCs to the immunosuppression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

Whether aging or Parkinson's disease (PD) affects the responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to immunosuppression by bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM‑MSCs) and which cytokines are more effective in inducing BM‑MSCs to be immunosuppressive remains to be elucidated. PBMCs were isolated from healthy young (age 26‑35), healthy middle‑aged (age 56‑60) and middle‑aged PD‑affected individuals. All the recruits were male.

Intravenous Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduces the Number of Infiltrated Ly6C Cells but Enhances the Proportions Positive for BDNF, TNF-1, and IL-1 in the Infarct Cortices of dMCAO Rats.

The resident microglial and infiltrating cells from peripheral circulation are involved in the pathological processes of ischemia stroke and may be regulated by mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) transplantation. The present study is aimed at differentiating the neurotrophic and inflammatory roles played by microglial vs. infiltrating circulation-derived cells in the acute phase in rat ischemic brains and explore the influences of intravenously infused allogeneic MSCs.

Intravenously Delivered Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Bidirectionally Regulate Inflammation and Induce Neurotrophic Effects in Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rats Within the First 7 Days After Stroke.

Background/aims: Neurotrophic effects and immunosuppression are the main therapeutic mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in stroke treatment. Neurotrophins are produced by graft cells, host neurons, astrocytes, and even microglia/macrophages. Meanwhile, MSCs can increase inflammation if they are not sufficiently induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines.

EphB4 Regulates Self-Renewal, Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation of Human Embryonic Neural Stem Cells in Vitro.

Background/aims: EphB4 belongs to the largest family of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases. It contributes to a variety of pathological progresses of cancer malignancy. However, little is known about its role in neural stem cells (NSCs).

Comparsion between Intravenous Delivered Human Fetal Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Mononuclear Cells in the Treatment of Rat Cerebral Infarct.

Objective To compare the effecacy of human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) with human mononuclear cell (hMNC) in treating rat cerebral infarct.Methods The SD rat models of cerebral infarct were established by distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO). Rats were divided into four groups: sham,ischemia vehicle,MSC,and MNC transplantation groups.

Multiparameter Characterization Confirms Apoptosis as the Primary Cause of Reduced Self-renewal Capacity in Cultured Human Fetal Neural Stem Cells.

Background: Human fetal striatum-derived neural stem cells (hfsNSCs) are important in regenerative medicine; however, their ability to self-renew diminishes quickly following passages in culture. Typically when hfsNSC-derived neurospheres are dissociated by accutase, more than 90% of the cells survive, but only 6-8% of the cells are able to form secondary neurospheres. Our hypothesis is that the hfsNSCs that are unable to form new neurospheres become apoptotic.

Icariin promotes cell proliferation and regulates gene expression in human neural stem cells in vitro.

Icariin (ICA), which is an essential bioactive component extracted from the herb Epimedium, possesses neuroprotective properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulatory roles of ICA in cell proliferation and gene expression in human neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro. Single cells were isolated from the corpus striatum of 16‑20‑week human fetuses obtained following spontaneous abortion.

Salvianolic Acid B Down-regulates Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Activity and Expression in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells.

Background: Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a bioactive water-soluble compound of Salviae miltiorrhizae, a traditional herbal medicine that has been used clinically for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This study sought to evaluate the effect of Sal B on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and on the underlying mechanisms in tumor necrosis factor-α± (TNF-α±)-activated human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), a cell model of Kawasaki disease.

Methods: HCAECs were pretreated with 1-10 αμmol/L of Sal B, and then stimulated by TNF-α± at different time points.