Clinical characteristics of the first cases of invasive candidiasis in China due to pan-echinocandin-resistant and isolates with delineation of their resistance mechanisms.

Echinocandin antifungal agents have become the first-line therapy for invasive candidiasis (IC) in many countries. Despite their increasing use, resistance to this class of drug is, overall, still uncommon. Here, we report two patients from the People's Republic of China with IC, one with infection caused by pan-echinocandin-resistant and the other by pan-echinocandin-resistant .

Molecular Epidemiology and Antifungal Susceptibility of in China (August 2009 to July 2014): A Multi-Center Study.

is an increasingly important cause of invasive candidiasis. In China, relatively little is known of the molecular epidemiology of and of its antifungal susceptibility patterns. Here we studied 411 non-duplicate isolates from 411 patients at 11 hospitals participating in the National China Hospital Invasive Fungal Surveillance Net program (CHIF-NET; 2010-2014).

Investigation of an unrecognized large-scale outbreak of Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto fungaemia in a tertiary-care hospital in China.

A data analysis of yeast collections from the National China Hospital Invasive Fungal Surveillance Net (CHIF-NET) programme in 2013 revealed a sudden increase in the proportion of Candida parapsilosis complex isolates (n = 98) in one participating hospital (Hospital H). Out of 443 yeast isolates submitted to the CHIF-NET reference laboratory by Hospital H (2010-2014), 212 (47.9%) were identified as C.

Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida glabrata species complex, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis species complex and Candida tropicalis causing invasive candidiasis in China: 3 year national surveillance.

Objectives: To define the antifungal susceptibility patterns of the most common non-albicans Candida spp. in China.

Methods: We evaluated the susceptibilities to nine antifungal drugs of Candida parapsilosis species complex, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata species complex and Candida krusei isolates from patients with invasive candidiasis at 11 hospitals over 3 years.

The inoculum effect of antibiotics against CTX-M-extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli.

Background: Questions remain regarding the use of the cephalosporins to treat infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. For example, should ceftazidime or cefepime be used to treat infections with CTX-M ESBL-producing organisms with low MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations), according to the new Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute's (CLSI) recommendations for susceptibility testing? Some studies have reported that in vitro MICs of cephalosporins increase as the inoculum increases, which is the inoculum effect; however, most of the enzymes studied were SHV and TEM. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inoculum effect on ceftazidime, cefepime and four other β-lactam agents against CTX-M-ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli.

[Analysis of resistance tendency of bloodstream-infecting pathogens in China].

Objective: To investigate the resistance profiles and the trend of bloodstream-infecting pathogens isolated from hospitalized patients during 2004-2010.

Methods: The bloodstream isolates were collected from 18 hospitals in 17 cities. Minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) were determined using the agar dilution method recommended by CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute), and susceptibility results were analyzed according to the 2011 CLSI guideline.

Genotype diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Shenyang, China.

Background: The aim of this study was to better understand methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at the molecular level by investigating the genotypic characteristics and evolutionary patterns of MRSA clones in Shenyang, China.

Methods: We analyzed the molecular epidemiology of 60 MRSA isolates in Shenyang, China, between 2002 and 2008, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and S. aureus protein A (spa) typing.

[Antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacilli isolated from 13 teaching hospitals across China].

Objective: To explore the antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial Gram-negative bacilli across China.

Methods: A total of 1247 consecutive and non-repetitive Gram-negative bacilli were isolated from 13 Chinese teaching hospitals from March to August 2012. All isolates were sent to a central laboratory for reidentification and susceptibility testing.

[An analysis of resistance of nosocomial infection pathogens isolated from 13 teaching hospitals in 2011].

Objective: To investigate the pathogen profile of nosocomial infection in China, and to survey the susceptibility rates of these pathogens to the clinical common antibiotics.

Methods: The non-repetitive nosocomial pathogens isolated from bloodstream infection (BSI), hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) and intra-abdominal infection (IAI) and the case data were collected from 13 teaching hospitals in different areas of China and sent to a central laboratory for re-identification and susceptibility testing. The levels of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the common antibiotics were determined by agar dilution method.

In vitro susceptibilities of yeast species to fluconazole and voriconazole as determined by the 2010 National China Hospital Invasive Fungal Surveillance Net (CHIF-NET) study.

We conducted active, laboratory-based surveillance for isolates from patients with invasive infections across China from August 2009 to July 2010. DNA sequencing methods were used to define species, and susceptibility to fluconazole and voriconazole was determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M44-A2 disk diffusion method but using up-to-date clinical breakpoints or epidemiological cutoff values. Candida spp.

[Antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens isolated from adults in China during 2009 and 2010].

Objective: To investigate the drug-resistance rates of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens isolated from adults in China during 2009 and 2010.

Methods: A total of 1793 strains (S. aureus 421, S.

ISEcp1 element in association with bla(CTX-M) genes of E. coli that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase among the elderly in community settings.

Introduction: This study analyzed the relationship between the ISEcp1 element and bla(CTX-M) genes of Escherichia coli isolates that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) in community settings.

Methods: Nineteen E. coli isolates that produced CTX-M-type β-lactamase were collected from four communities of elderly people in Shenyang, China.

Molecular characteristics and resistant mechanisms of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in Shenyang, China.

The investigation was carried out to elucidate the molecular characteristics and resistant mechanisms of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Thirty-seven isolates were collected from January 2007 to December 2007. The homology of the isolates was analyzed by both pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST).

[Molecular epidemiological study of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii].

Objective: To determine the possible genetic background and the source of our hospital's 43 clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, and the category of gene cassettes in type 1 integrons of all strains.

Methods: Restriction enzyme Apa I was chosen for all strains in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) methods. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to compare the allelic profiles of all the strains.

Determination of oropharyngeal pathogenic colonization in the elderly community.

Background: Pneumonia has become the predominant cause of death for the elderly. It is critical to determine the status of oropharyngeal pathogen colonization in the elderly when treating pneumonia. To explore the efficient approaches to treat age-related pneumonia, we determined the status of oropharyngeal pathogenic colonization in the elderly community.

[Novel gene sequence variants of pbp2b in penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumonia isolates].

Objective: To investigate the alternations in gene/amino acid sequence of penicillin-binding protein (PBP)2b from clinical isolates of penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumonia (PNSP) in this region.

Methods: 24 strains of Streptococcus pneumonia were collected from January to December 2006. The antibiotics susceptibility of these strains was detected.

Prevalence of rectal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli among elderly people in community settings in China.

The importance of community-acquired infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Escherichia coli has been increasingly recognized in recent years. No comprehensive data are available on the prevalence, risk factors, and genotypes of ESBL production in community residents in China. Rectal samples from 270 elderly people were collected in four communities in Shenyang (China).

Molecular characteristics of penicillin-binding protein 2b, 2x, and 1a sequences in penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Shenyang, China.

The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of the amino acid motifs found in penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) 2b, 2x, and 1a of penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Shenyang, China, and to obtain information regarding the prevalence of alterations within the motifs or in positions flanking the motifs. For 18 clinical isolates comprising 4 penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae, 5 penicillin-intermediate S.

[Replacement of third-generation cephalosporins by piperacillin-tazobactam decreases colonization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing intestinal Escherichia coli].

Objective: To investigate the role of replacement of third-generation cephalosporins by piperacillin-tazobactam (pip-tazo) in influencing the colonization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in intestinal tract.

Methods: The study was divided into two phases lasting altogether 9 months, namely the pre-replacement phase (phase I, 3 months) and replacement phase (phase II, 6 months).