Treatment With Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Inhibitor Decreases Apoptotic and Autophagic Reactions in Rat Rotator Cuff Tears.

Background: Apoptosis and autophagy are known to be correlated with the extent of damage in torn rotator cuffs, and there is no biological evidence for self-recovery or healing of the rotator cuff tear.

Purpose: To establish in a rat model of partial- and full-thickness rotator cuff tears how a glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor affects the expression of apoptotic and autophagic markers.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Comparison of Gene Expression of Inflammation- and Fibrosis-Related Factors Between the Anterior and Posterior Capsule in Patients With Rotator Cuff Tear and Shoulder Stiffness.

Background: Arthroscopic capsular release is an effective treatment for refractory shoulder stiffness, yet there are no basic studies that can explain the extent of the release.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the genetic expression of inflammation- and fibrosis-related factors between the anterior and posterior capsules in patients with shoulder stiffness and rotator cuff tear.

Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study.

Integrity of the Untorn Articular-Sided Tendon in Bursal-Sided Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tear: A Comparative Study of Apoptotic Activity in Torn and Untorn Layers.

Background: Conversion to full-thickness tear in partial-thickness rotator cuff tears (PTRCTs) is based on the quality and thickness of the normal-looking untorn rotator cuff layer. However, whether the untorn tendon is a healthy tissue remains to be elucidated.

Purpose: To compare the apoptotic gene expression of the untorn articular layer with the torn bursal layer in PTRCTs.

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) is increased in adhesive capsulitis.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in shoulders with adhesive capsulitis ("frozen shoulder").

Methods: Glenohumeral capsular tissue was obtained from twenty-six patients (seventeen with adhesive capsulitis and nine controls), and ICAM-1 was evaluated with use of oligonucleotide arrays, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry. ICAM-1 was also evaluated in synovial fluid with use of western blotting (six patients with adhesive capsulitis and two controls) and in peripheral blood with use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (thirty-two patients with adhesive capsulitis, twenty with diabetes mellitus, and fourteen controls).