Gastric emphysema and pneumatosis intestinalis in two common marmosets with duodenal dilation syndrome.

Background: Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are widely used as primate experimental models in biomedical research. Duodenal dilation with chronic vomiting in captive common marmosets is a recently described life-threatening syndrome that is problematic for health control. However, the pathogenesis and cause of death are not fully understood.

Lipidome Profiling of Phosphorus Deficiency-Tolerant Rice Cultivars Reveals Remodeling of Membrane Lipids as a Mechanism of Low P Tolerance.

Plants have evolved various mechanisms for low P tolerance, one of which is changing their membrane lipid composition by remodeling phospholipids with non-phospholipids. The objective of this study was to investigate the remodeling of membrane lipids among rice cultivars under P deficiency. Rice ( L.

Effects of enhanced insect feeding on the faecal microbiota and transcriptome of a family of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Common marmosets have been widely used in biomedical research for years. Nutritional control is an important factor in managing their health, and insect intake would be beneficial for that purpose because common marmosets frequently feed on insects in natural habitats. Here, we examined the effect of enhanced insect feeding on the gut by analysing the faecal microbiota and transcripts of captive marmosets.

Seasonal and geographical differences in the ruminal microbial and chloroplast composition of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan.

To understand the nutritional status of culled wild sika deer (Cervus nippon), we compared the ruminal microbes of deer living in habitats differing in food composition (Nagano winter, Nagano spring, and Hokkaido winter) using next-generation sequencing. Twenty-nine sika deer were sampled. Alpha and beta diversity metrics determined via 16S and 18S rRNA amplicon-seq analysis showed compositional differences.

Sulfide catabolism ameliorates hypoxic brain injury.

The mammalian brain is highly vulnerable to oxygen deprivation, yet the mechanism underlying the brain's sensitivity to hypoxia is incompletely understood. Hypoxia induces accumulation of hydrogen sulfide, a gas that inhibits mitochondrial respiration. Here, we show that, in mice, rats, and naturally hypoxia-tolerant ground squirrels, the sensitivity of the brain to hypoxia is inversely related to the levels of sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) and the capacity to catabolize sulfide.

Phase transitions of brain evolution that produced human language and beyond.

The brain capacity of human ancestors underwent two phase transitions, which were supported by preadaptations during the animal protolanguage period, resulting in the emergence of human language. The transitions were (1) the emergence of the primate cerebral cortex, with its unique characteristic of additional cortical areas together with size expansion, and (2) the replacement of natural selection as the main evolutionary mechanism by triadic niche construction, an interactive expansion of ecological-, neural-, and cognitive-niches. These phase transitions accelerated the expansion of the hominid brain, exceeding the neural capacity threshold required for the emergence of language.

Vasoactive-inotropic score as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in adults after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Purpose: The vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) is a scale showing the amount of vasoactive and inotropic support. Recently, it was suggested that the VIS after cardiac surgery predicts morbidity and mortality in infants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the VIS at the end of surgery as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in adult cardiac surgery.

Faecal transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in a marmoset.

Background: The common marmoset has been used as an experimental animal for various purposes. Because its average weight ranges from 250 to 500 g, weight loss quickly becomes critical for sick animals. Therefore, effective and non-stressful treatment for chronic diseases, including diarrhoea, is essential.

Draft Genome Sequence of Bifidobacterium aesculapii DSM 26737T, Isolated from Feces of Baby Common Marmoset.

Bifidobacterium aesculapii DSM 26737(T) was isolated from feces of baby common marmoset. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of this organism. This paper is the first published report of the genomic sequence of B.

Sustained performance by common marmosets in a delayed matching to position task with variable stimulus presentations.

Working memory is used to solve various cognitive problems by maintaining information for some time and then by refreshing this information after certain purposes are achieved. In the present study, we explored the ability of common marmosets to perform a delayed matching to position (DMTP) task in a controlled environment using operant conditioning. The DMTP task requires the subjects to respond to the sample stimulus and to select one of two comparison stimuli with a position matching that of the sample stimulus after a programmed delay period.

Transposition and its generalization in common marmosets.

Whether animals use relational cues in transposition tests has long been considered a controversial issue. In the present study, we examined whether common marmosets could generalize relational responses to untrained stimulus pairs and further apply these generalizations to unknown shapes. The subjects were trained to perform simple discrimination tasks using a pair of stimuli.

Hand preference depends on posture in common marmosets.

Postural conditions are known to affect hand use in many primate species. It remains to be examined how posture and task differences modulate, or interact with, hand use in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Three experimental conditions were introduced to assess the occurrence of preferential hand use as a function of posture and size of aperture for the subjects to grasp and retrieve the food item bi- or unimanually: ground level condition for requiring quadrupedal posture with enough space for food reaching with both hands, large hole (4 cm in diameter) condition for requiring upright posture with available space for both hands, and small hole (2 cm in diameter) condition for requiring upright posture with available space for only one hand.

Sequential learning and rule abstraction in Bengalese finches.

The Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica) is a species of songbird. Males sing courtship songs with complex note-to-note transition rules, while females discriminate these songs when choosing their mate.

Tool-use learning by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

One of the most critical and common features of tool use is that the tool essentially functions as a part of the body. This feature is likely rooted in biological features that are shared by tool users. To establish an ideal primate model to explore the neurobiological mechanisms supporting tool-use behaviours, we trained common marmosets, a small New World monkey species that is not usually associated with tool use, to use a rake-shaped tool to retrieve food.

An experience of vascular access for hemodialysis in Brazil.

Background: The analysis of hemodialysis services is relevant for the quality of life of patient. In this study we investigated the profile of vascular access used for hemodialysis patients in our Unit.

Methods: We evaluated 219 patients of both genders aged over 18 years old who have undergone implant or manufacture of vascular hemodialysis access.

Saphenofemoral arteriovenous fistula as hemodialysis access.

Background: An upper limb arteriovenous (AV) fistula is the access of choice for haemodialysis (HD). There have been few reports of saphenofemoral AV fistulas (SFAVF) over the last 10-20 years because of previous suggestions of poor patencies and needling difficulties. Here, we describe our clinical experience with SFAVF.

Modulation of physical understanding by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

The understanding of physical causality in common marmosets was tested using support problems in which a pair of sheets was presented to determine whether subjects would choose the sheet that had a food item on it (i.e., the sheet was supporting the food item).

Inferential reasoning by exclusion recruits parietal and prefrontal cortices.

When one is asked to select a label for a novel object from a given group of labels that includes both novel and familiar labels, one tends to choose a novel label. In other words, people spontaneously assume that an unfamiliar label goes with an unfamiliar object, even though logically, familiar labels may also be valid choices. This may seem natural and even trivial, but the fact that nonhuman animals robustly fail to demonstrate this same tendency suggests that it is not.

A duplex scan-based morphologic study of the femoral vein: incidence and patterns of duplication.

The presence of femoral vein (FV) duplicity has potential influence in the misdiagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Also, FVs are suitable vascular substitutes, especially in the substitution of infected prosthetic grafts. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence, anatomic patterns and characteristics of FV duplicity in adult individuals by duplex scan examination.

Diarylheptanoids derived from Alpinia officinarum induce apoptosis, S-phase arrest and differentiation in human neuroblastoma cells.

Background: We have previously screened many natural products for their cytotoxic effects on neuroblastoma cell lines, and two diarylheptanoids derived from Alpinia officinarum, 7-(4''-hydroxy-3''-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-4E-hepten-3-one (Compound 1) and (5R)-5-methoxy-7-(4''-hydroxy-3''-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (Compound 2), were shown to have potent cytotoxicity. On this basis, a detailed study of the antitumor activities of these two diarylheptanoids in neuroblastoma cell lines was performed.

Materials And Methods: Cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.