The effects of β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, cecal microbial communities, and short-chain fatty acid production in broiler chickens fed diets with different metabolizable energy levels.

This study assessed the effects of β-mannanase (BM) supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, cecal microbial communities, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in broiler chickens fed diets with different metabolizable energy (ME) levels. A total of 1,296 male 1-d-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly distributed in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (3 ME levels × 0 or 200 g/ton BM), with 6 replicates per treatment combination. The 3 ME levels were 3,000 (ME1), 2,930 (ME2), and 2,860 (ME3) kcal/kg, respectively, during the 0 to 3 wk-old stages and 3,150 (ME1), 3,080 (ME2), and 3,010 (ME3) kcal/kg, respectively, during the 3 to 6 wk-old stages.

Oleanolic Acid Inhibits SCD1 Gene Expression to Ameliorate Fructose-Induced Hepatosteatosis through SREBP1c-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms.

Scope: The mechanisms of oleanolic acid (OA) regulating hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 1c/stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) 1 pathway to ameliorate fructose-induced hepatosteatosis are investigated.

Methods And Results: Rats treated with 10% w/v fructose solution are co-administered by OA for 5 weeks, and then sacrifice after fasting for 14 h. OA reverses the fructose-induced increase in hepatic triglyceride (TG) content and downregulates Scd1 mRNA expression.

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide with different administration routes affects intestinal mucosal morphological, immunological, and microbial barrier functions in goslings.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different administration routes of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on intestinal mucosal morphological, immunological, and microbial barrier functions in goslings. First, we compared intestinal villi morphology of goslings under intraperitoneal or oral LPS treatment through hematoxylin and eosin staining. Then, we determined the signatures of the microbiome in the ileum mucosa of goslings subjected to oral LPS treatment at 0, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg BW by 16S sequencing, and analyzed the changes in intestinal barrier functions and permeability, levels of LPS in the ileum mucosa, plasma, and liver tissue, and the induced inflammatory response of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).

Remote Hydroamination of Disubstituted Alkenes by a Combination of Isomerization and Regioselective N-H Addition.

Remote hydrofunctionalizations of alkenes incorporate functional groups distal to existing carbon-carbon double bonds. While remote carbonylations are well-known, remote hydrofunctionalizations are most common for addition of relatively nonpolar B-H, Si-H, and C-H bonds with alkenes. We report a system for the remote hydroamination of disubstituted alkenes to functionalize an alkyl chain selectively at the subterminal, unactivated, methylene position.

Characteristics of ruminal microbiota and metabolome in Holstein cows differing in milk protein concentrations.

The rumen is a vital organ containing vast amounts of microbes that play a key role in the digestion of nutrients and affect the production performance of ruminants. However, few studies have focused on the characterization of the ruminal microbiota composition and function in cows with long-term difference milk protein concentrations, and the relationship between milk protein concentration and ruminal microbiota remains elusive. In this study, we collected the data of milk protein concentrations of 1,025 Holstein cows for 10 mo on a commercial farm.

Enantioselective hydroamination of unactivated terminal alkenes.

Asymmetric alkene hydroamination could be a direct route to valuable chiral amines from abundant feedstocks. However, most asymmetric hydroaminations have limited synthetic value because they require a large excess of alkene, occur with modest enantioselectivity, and proceed with limited tolerance of functional groups. We report an enantioselective, intermolecular hydroamination of unactivated terminal alkenes that occurs with equimolar amounts of alkene and amine, tolerates many functional groups, and occurs in high yield, with high enantioselectivity and turnover numbers.

The effects of dietary protein and fiber levels on growth performance, gout occurrence, intestinal microbial communities, and immunoregulation in the gut-kidney axis of goslings.

The current study evaluated the effects of dietary protein and fiber levels on growth performance, gout occurrence, intestinal microbial communities, and immunoregulation in the gut-kidney axis of goslings. A completely randomized 2 × 3 factorial design was adopted with 2 CP levels (180 [18CP] and 220 [22CP] g/kg) and 3 crude fiber (CF) levels (30 [low CF], 50 [mid CF], and 70 [high CF] g/kg). The high CP or low CF diets predisposed the goslings to gout.

SIRT3 protects bovine mammary epithelial cells from heat stress damage by activating the AMPK signaling pathway.

With global warming, heat stress has become an important challenge for the global dairy industry. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), an important mitochondrial NAD+dependent decarboxylase and a major regulator of cellular energy metabolism and antioxidant defense, is integral to maintaining normal mitochondrial function. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of SIRT3 on damage to bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) induced by heat stress and to explore its potential mechanism.

Yiqi Jiedu Huayu Decoction Alleviates Renal Injury in Rats With Diabetic Nephropathy by Promoting Autophagy.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a common microvascular complication of diabetes, is one of the main causes of end-stage renal failure (ESRD) and imposes a heavy medical burden on the world. Yiqi Jiedu Huayu decoction (YJHD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula, which has been widely used in the treatment of DN and has achieved stable and reliable therapeutic effects. However, the mechanism of YJHD in the treatment of DN remains unclear.

Fermented Feed Supplement Relieves Caecal Microbiota Dysbiosis and Kidney Injury Caused by High-Protein Diet in the Development of Gosling Gout.

Firstly, forty-eight 1-day-old goslings were randomly allocated to four groups and were fed diets containing crude protein (CP) at different concentrations: 160, 180, 200, and 220 g/kg in Experiment One. We found a dose-dependent relationship between the dietary protein levels and morbidity of gosling gout. The concentration of serum uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), and urea nitrogen (UN), and the activity of xanthine oxidase in the 220CP groups were significantly higher than those in the low-protein diet groups.

Catalytic asymmetric addition of an amine N-H bond across internal alkenes.

Hydroamination of alkenes, the addition of the N-H bond of an amine across an alkene, is a fundamental, yet challenging, organic transformation that creates an alkylamine from two abundant chemical feedstocks, alkenes and amines, with full atom economy. The reaction is particularly important because amines, especially chiral amines, are prevalent substructures in a wide range of natural products and drugs. Although extensive efforts have been dedicated to developing catalysts for hydroamination, the vast majority of alkenes that undergo intermolecular hydroamination have been limited to conjugated, strained, or terminal alkenes; only a few examples occur by the direct addition of the N-H bond of amines across unactivated internal alkenes, including photocatalytic hydroamination, and no asymmetric intermolecular additions to such alkenes are known.

Application of Trimethylgermanyl-Substituted Bisphosphine Ligands with Enhanced Dispersion Interactions to Copper-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Disubstituted Alkenes.

We report the incorporation of large substituents based on heavy main-group elements that are atypical in ligand architectures to enhance dispersion interactions and, thereby, enhance enantioselectivity. Specifically, we prepared the chiral biaryl bisphosphine ligand (TMG-SYNPHOS) containing 3,5-bis(trimethylgermanyl)phenyl groups on phosphorus and applied this ligand to the challenging problem of enantioselective hydrofunctionalization reactions of 1,1-disubtituted alkenes. Indeed, TMG-SYNPHOS forms a copper complex that catalyzes hydroboration of 1,1-disubtituted alkenes with high levels of enantioselectivity, even when the two substituents are both primary alkyl groups.

Upregulation Sestrin2 protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage bovine mammary epithelial cells via a Keap1-Nrf2/ARE pathway.

Sestrin2 (SESN2) is a highly conservative oxidative stress protein that can regulate energy metabolism, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mitochondria autophagy processes. It plays a role as an antioxidant in various diseases. The aims of the present study were to explore the underlying role of SESN2 after hydrogen peroxide (H O ) treatment in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cells) by the methods of knockout or overexpression of SESN2.

Analysis of Astragalus Polysaccharide Intervention in Heat-Stressed Dairy Cows' Serum Metabolomics.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on serum metabolism of dairy cows under heat stress. Thirty healthy Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into three groups (10 cows in each group). In the experimental group, 30 mL/d (Treatment I) and 50 mL/d (Treatment II) of APS injection were injected into the neck muscle respectively.

Combined signature of rumen microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows with different feed intake levels.

Feed intake is a major factor in maintaining the balance between ruminal fermentation and the microbial community of dairy cows. To explore the relationship among feed intake, microbial metabolism, and ruminal fermentation, we examined the combined signatures of the microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows with different feed intake levels. Eighteen dairy cows were allocated to high feed intake (HFI), medium feed intake (MFI), and low feed intake (LFI) groups according to their average daily feed intake.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis increases the risk of visceral gout in goslings through translocation of gut-derived lipopolysaccharide.

We investigated the gut-kidney interaction in goslings with gout and tried to decipher the probable mechanisms through which gut dysbiosis leads to the progression of renal injury and inflammation. A total of 15 goslings (Anser cygnoides), with typical visceral gout symptoms, were screened and compared with 15 healthy goslings. We determined the signatures of the microbiome in the cecum chyme of goslings in the 2 groups by 16S sequencing, and analyzed the changes in intestinal permeability, levels of serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the induced inflammatory response of Toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Fermented feed regulates growth performance and the cecal microbiota community in geese.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of fermented feed diets on the growth performance and cecal microbial community in geese, and to examine associations between the gut microbiota and growth performance. A total of 720 healthy, 1-day-old male SanHua geese were used for the 55-D experiment. Geese were randomly divided into 4 groups, each with 6 replicates of 30 geese.

Effects of zinc-bearing palygorskite on rumen fermentation in vitro.

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of zinc-bearing palygorskite (Zn-Pal) on rumen fermentation by in vitro gas-production system.

Methods: In trial, 90 incubators were evenly divided into five groups: control (0% Zn-Pal), treatment I (0.2% Zn-Pal), treatment II (0.

Mechanistic Studies of Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroboration of Alkenes.

Mechanistic studies of the copper-catalyzed asymmetric hydroboration of vinylarenes and internal alkenes are reported. Catalytic systems with both DTBM-SEGPHOS and SEGPHOS as the ligands have been investigated. With DTBM-SEGPHOS as the ligand, the resting state of the catalyst, which is also a catalytic intermediate, for hydroboration of 4-fluorostyrene is a phenethylcopper(I) complex ligated by the bisphosphine.

Effects of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid isopropyl ester on growth and blood components in growing Holstein steers.

Twenty-four Chinese Holstein growing steers were randomly divided into three groups and fed a diet containing 0 (the control group), 15 (treatment I group, or TG1) or 25 (treatment II group, or TG2) g/day 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid isopropyl ester (HMBi). Compared with the control group, the final body weights, total gains and average daily gains in the treatment groups increased (P < 0.01).

Diverse Asymmetric Hydrofunctionalization of Aliphatic Internal Alkenes through Catalytic Regioselective Hydroboration.

We report a two-step strategy for diverse hydrofunctionalizations of aliphatic internal alkenes with high regioselectivity and enantioselectivity. This process comprises a copper-catalyzed asymmetric hydroboration and subsequent stereospecific derivatizations of the secondary boronates. By this strategy, a range of compounds, such as amides, alkyl fluorides and bromides, alcohols, aldehydes, arenes, and heteroarenes, were synthesized from an internal alkene with high regioselectivity and enantioselectivity.

Regioselective, Asymmetric Formal Hydroamination of Unactivated Internal Alkenes.

We report the regioselective and enantioselective formal hydroamination of unsymmetrical internal alkenes catalyzed by a copper catalyst ligated by DTBM-SEGPHOS. The regioselectivity of the reaction is controlled by the electronic effects of ether, ester, and sulfonamide groups in the homoallylic position. The observed selectivity underscores the influence of inductive effects of remote substituents on the selectivity of catalytic processes occurring at hydrocarbyl groups, and the method provides direct access to various 1,3-aminoalcohol derivatives with high enantioselectivity.

Ligand-Assisted Gold-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling with Aryldiazonium Salts: Redox Gold Catalysis without an External Oxidant.

Gold-catalyzed C(sp)-C(sp(2)) and C(sp(2))-C(sp(2)) cross-coupling reactions are accomplished with aryldiazonium salts as the coupling partner. With the assistance of bpy ligand, gold(I) species were oxidized to gold(III) by diazonium without any external oxidants. Monitoring the reaction with NMR and ESI-MS provided strong evidence for the nitrogen extrusion followed by Au(III) reductive elimination as the key step.

Gold-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of terminal alkynes: selective synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,3-diynes.

Gold-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of alkynes to unsymmetrical diynes has been achieved for the first time. A N,N-ligand (1,10-Phen) and PhI(OAc)2 were identified as crucial factors to promote this transformation, giving the desired cross-coupled conjugated diynes in excellent heteroselectivity (>10:1), in good to excellent yields, and with large substrate tolerability.