Inflammatory response of leptomeninges to a single cortical spreading depolarization.

Background: Neurogenic meningeal inflammation is regarded as a key driver of migraine headache. Multiple evidence show importance of inflammatory processes in the dura mater for pain generation but contribution of the leptomeninges is less clear. We assessed effects of cortical spreading depolarization (CSD), the pathophysiological mechanism of migraine aura, on expression of inflammatory mediators in the leptomeninges.

Distant neuroinflammation acutely induced by focal brain injury and its control by endocannabinoid system.

Introduction: We studied spatiotemporal features of acute transcriptional inflammatory response induced by a focal brain injury in distant uninjured neuronal tissue and a role of endocannabinoid (eCB) system in its control.

Materials And Methods: A focal excitotoxic lesion was induced by a unilateral injection of kainate in the dorsal hippocampus of awake Wistar rats. During acute post-injury period (3 h and 24 h post-injection), mRNA levels of genes associated with neuroinflammation (Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Ccl2; Cx3cl1, Zc3 h12a, Tgfb1) and eCB receptors of CB1 and CB2 types (Cnr1 and Cnr2) in intact regions of the hippocampus and neocortex were measured using qPCR.

The Induction of Long-Term Potentiation by Medial Septum Activation under Urethane Anesthesia Can Alter Gene Expression in the Hippocampus.

We studied changes in the expression of early genes in hippocampal cells in response to stimulation of the dorsal medial septal area (dMSA), leading to long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Rats under urethane anesthesia were implanted with stimulating electrodes in the ventral hippocampal commissure and dMSA and a recording electrode in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. We found that high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the dMSA led to the induction of long-term potentiation in the synapses formed by the ventral hippocampal commissure on the hippocampal CA1 neurons.

Self-Organization Effects of Thin ZnO Layers on the Surface of Porous Silicon by Formation of Energetically Stable Nanostructures.

The formation of complex surface morphology of a multilayer structure, the processes of which are based on quantum phenomena, is a promising domain of the research. A hierarchy of pore of various sizes was determined in the initial sample of porous silicon by the atomic force microscopy. After film deposition by spray pyrolysis, ZnO nanoclusters regularly distributed over the sample surface were formed.

Detailed Analysis of Dorsal-Ventral Gradients of Gene Expression in the Hippocampus of Adult Rats.

We performed RNA sequencing of the dorsal and ventral parts of the hippocampus and compared it with previously published data to determine the differences in the dorsoventral gradients of gene expression that may result from biological or technical variability. Our data suggest that the dorsal and ventral parts of the hippocampus differ in the expression of genes related to signaling pathways mediated by classical neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA, monoamines, etc.) as well as peptide and Wnt ligands.

Deep Brain Stimulation of the Medial Septal Area Can Modulate Gene Expression in the Hippocampus of Rats under Urethane Anesthesia.

We studied the effects of stimulation of the medial septal area on the gene expression in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Rats under urethane anesthesia were implanted with a recording electrode in the right hippocampus and stimulating electrode in the dorsal medial septum (dMS) or medial septal nucleus (MSN). After one-hour-long deep brain stimulation, we collected ipsi- and contralateral dorsal and ventral hippocampi.

Impedance Spectroscopy of Hierarchical Porous Nanomaterials Based on por-Si, por-Si Incorporated by Ni and Metal Oxides for Gas Sensors.

Approaches are being developed to create composite materials with a fractal-percolation structure based on intercalated porous matrices to increase the sensitivity of adsorption gas sensors. Porous silicon, nickel-containing porous silicon, and zinc oxide have been synthesized as materials for such structures. Using the impedance spectroscopy method, it has been shown that the obtained materials demonstrate high sensitivity to organic solvent vapors and can be used in gas sensors.

Intrahippocampal Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Overexpression of Nerve Growth Factor Reverses 192IgG-Saporin-Induced Impairments of Hippocampal Plasticity and Behavior.

One of the aspects of Alzheimer disease is loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, which leads to development of cognitive impairment. Here, we used a model of cholinergic deficit caused by immunotoxin 192IgG-saporin to study possible beneficial effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus of rats with cholinergic deficit. Suspension of recombinant AAV carrying control cassette or cassette with NGF was injected into both hippocampi of control rats or rats with cholinergic deficit induced by intraseptal injection of 192IgG-saporin.

Low-Frequency Dielectric Relaxation in Structures Based on Macroporous Silicon with Meso-Macroporous Skin-Layer.

The spectra of dielectric relaxation of macroporous silicon with a mesoporous skin layer in the frequency range 1-10 Hz during cooling (up to 293-173 K) and heating (293-333 K) are presented. Macroporous silicon (pore diameter ≈ 2.2-2.

CB2 receptors modulate seizure-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus but not neocortex.

We compared neuroinflammatory responses induced by nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures and analyzed the role that may be played by cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the neuroinflammatory response induced by generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS). Using quantitative PCR, we analyzed expression of interleukin-1b, CCL2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFb1), fractalkine, and cannabinoid receptor type 2 in the neocortex, dorsal and ventral hippocampus, cortical leptomeninges, dura mater, and spleen in 3 and 6 h after induction of GTCS by a high dose of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 70 mg/kg) and absence-like activity by a low dose of PTZ (30 mg/kg). The low dose of PTZ had no effect on the gene expression 3 and 6 h after PTZ injection.

Saporin from as a Tool for Experimental Research, Modeling, and Therapy in Neuroscience.

Saporin, which is extracted from , is a protein toxin that inactivates ribosomes. Saporin itself is non-selective toxin but acquires high specificity after conjugation with different ligands such as signaling peptides or antibodies to some surface proteins expressed in a chosen cell subpopulation. The saporin-based conjugated toxins were widely adopted in neuroscience as a convenient tool to induce highly selective degeneration of desired cell subpopulation.

Encoding of High Frequencies Improves with Maturation of Action Potential Generation in Cultured Neocortical Neurons.

The ability of neocortical neurons to detect and encode rapid changes at their inputs is crucial for basic neuronal computations, such as coincidence detection, precise synchronization of activity and spike-timing dependent plasticity. Indeed, populations of cortical neurons can respond to subtle changes of the input very fast, on a millisecond time scale. Theoretical studies and model simulations linked the encoding abilities of neuronal populations to the fast onset dynamics of action potentials (APs).