Social Rank, Female Competition for Food, and Behavioral Time-Budgets in the Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana Multi-Level Society.

Competition within primate groups often translates to a social hierarchy, with high-rank individuals gaining privileged access to resources, especially food. Golden snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana live in a multi-level society, with multiple one-male units (OMUs), each containing a single adult male and several females, forming a breeding-band. High-rank males have increased access to high-value foods and spend less time feeding and more time being groomed by females, potentially enhancing social cohesion within their OMUs.

π-π Stacking in Kerogen and Its Mechanical Impact.

Kerogen is a key source of hydrocarbon production through hydraulic fracturing. However, the direct correlation between the molecular structure and mechanical properties remains unclear. Here, we employ four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) to reveal heterogeneities defined by the orientation of π-π stacking domains and amorphous regions in kerogen.