Gut microbiome-derived indole-3-carboxaldehyde regulates stress vulnerability in chronic restraint stress by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors.

Chronic stress constitutes a major precipitating factor for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and comprehending individual differences in stress responses is crucial for the development of effective intervention strategies for MDD. Recent studies indicate that an individual's vulnerability to chronic stress is closely associated with gut microbiota composition, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate whether the gut microbiota and its metabolites can serve as gut-brain signaling molecules and explores how the gut microbiota affects stress sensitivity.

An arabinan from Citrus grandis fruits alleviates ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial cell apoptosis via the Nrf2/Keap1 and IRE1/GRP78 signaling pathways.

Citrus grandis fruit is a famous traditional Chinese medicine with various bioactivities, including cardioprotective effects. Polysaccharides are one of the key active ingredients responsible for its cardioprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the structure and cardioprotective effect of a homogeneous polysaccharide from C.

Antihepatoma activity of Marsdenia tenacissima polysaccharide-decorated selenium nanoparticles by regulating the Bax/Bcl-2/caspases and p21/Akt/cyclin A2 signaling pathways.

Combining selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) with bioactive polysaccharides is one of the effective ways to overcome the shortcomings of SeNPs and polysaccharides and obtain novel antitumor drug candidates. In this study, a heteropolysaccharide (MTP70) with moderate antihepatoma activity was isolated from the stems of Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn.

A novel flavonol-polysaccharide from Tamarix chinensis alleviates influenza A virus-induced acute lung injury. Evidences for its mechanism of action.

Background: Tamarix chinensis Lour. is a Chinese medicine used for treating inflammation-related diseases and its crude polysaccharides (MBAP90) exhibited significant anticomplement activities in vitro.

Purpose: To obtain anticomplement homogenous polysaccharides from MBAP90 and explore its therapeutic effects and potential mechanism on influenza A virus (IAV)-induced acute lung injury (ALI).

Flavonoid substituted polysaccharides from Tamarix chinensis Lour. alleviate H1N1-induced acute lung injury via inhibiting complement system.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Viral pneumonia is a highly pathogenic respiratory infectious disease associated with excessive activation of the complement system. Our previous studies found that the anticomplement polysaccharides from some medicinal plants could significantly alleviate H1N1-induced acute lung injury (H1N1-ALI). The leaves and twigs of Tamarix chinensis Lour.

Chaenomeles sinensis polysaccharide and its carboxymethylated derivative alleviate dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis via suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Chaenomeles sinensis fruit polysaccharide (CSP) and carboxymethylated CSP (CSP-M) were prepared using ultrasound extraction and the sodium hydroxide-chloroacetic acid method. Structural analysis revealed that both CSP and CSP-M mainly consisted of glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galactose, and xylose, and the introduction of carboxymethyl did not damage the polymer chain of CSP. In vivo studies verified that both CSP and CSP-M could remarkably alleviate the symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC) mice and reduce intestinal epithelial cell depletion, along with the infiltration of inflammatory cells in colon tissue, by mediating the expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO), inflammatory factors [tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6], and oxidative stress factors [malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO)].

A zinc-modified Anemarrhena asphodeloides polysaccharide complex enhances immune activity via the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Anemarrhena asphodeloides polysaccharide (AAP70-1) was reported to have immunomodulatory effects in our previous report. To further improve the immunomodulatory effects of AAP70-1, an A. asphodeloides polysaccharide-zinc complex (AAP-Zn) was synthesized using a ZnCl modification method, and the potential mechanisms by which AAP-Zn activates macrophages were investigated.

Exploring the anticomplement components from Fagopyrum dibotrys for the treatment of H1N1-induced acute lung injury by UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS.

In the present study, a procyanidins-enriched fraction (PCE) from the rhizome of Fagopyrum dibotrys was obtained by anticomplement activity-guided fractionation. PCE could alleviate H1N1-induced ALI in mice by reducing weight loss, decreasing lung index, and regulating cytokine levels in lung tissue. PCE contained 76.

Ultrafiltration isolation, structure and effects on H1N1-induced acute lung injury of a heteropolysaccharide from Houttuynia cordata.

Previous studies showed that crude Houttuynia cordata polysaccharides (CHCP) exerted therapeutic effects on acute lung injury induced by influenza A virus (IAV) in mice. Here, an acidic heteropolysaccharide from H. cordata, named HCPM (Mw, 19.

Two Natural Flavonoid Substituted Polysaccharides from : Structural Characterization and Anticomplement Activities.

Two novel natural flavonoid substituted polysaccharides (MBAP-1 and MBAP-2) were obtained from Lour. and characterized by HPGPC, methylation, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-IT-MS), and NMR analysis. The results showed that MBAP-1 was a homogenous heteropolysaccharide with a backbone of 4)-β-d-Glc-(1→ and →3,4,6)-β-d-Glc-(1→.

Structural characterization and anticomplement activity of an acidic polysaccharide from Hedyotis diffusa.

An acidic homogeneous polysaccharide (HD-PS-1) was purified from Hedyotis diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. HD-PS-1 possessed a backbone chain of →[4)-β-Glcp-3-OAc-(1]→[6)-β-Manp-(1]→6)-α-Galp-(1→[4)-α-Galp-(1]→, with three branches of β-Manp-(1→3)-β-GlcpA, α-Rhap-(1→3)-α-Rhap and α-Galp attached to the backbone chain at O-4 position of 1,4,6-linked β-Manp, O-3 position of 1,3,6-linked α-Galp and O-3 position of 1,3,4-linked α-Galp, respectively.

Characterization of a new heteropolysaccharide from green guava and its application as an α-glucosidase inhibitor for the treatment of type II diabetes.

Psidium guajava fruit is a subtropical fruit, functional food and traditional medicine for the adjuvant treatment of diabetes mellitus in China. To investigate the active components responsible for its health benefits, a novel heteropolysaccharide GP70-3 was purified by water extraction, ethanol precipitation and column chromatography. Structural characterization of GP70-3 was elucidated for the first time by monosaccharide composition assay, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), methylation analysis, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).

Consumption of guava may have beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes: A bioactive perspective.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects and relative mechanisms of guava polysaccharides (GPs) in rats with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). The chemical characterization and monosaccharide compositions of GPs, named as GP-1, GP-2, GP-3, and GP-4, were determined by PMP-HPLC and FT-IR. The results revealed that all GPs had the typical saccharide absorptions, and all were heteropolysaccharides.

Antidiabetic effects of Morus alba fruit polysaccharides on high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming a serious threat to human health. The fruit of Morus alba L. is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of DM, dizziness, tinnitus, insomnia, and premature graying, as well as to protect the liver and kidneys.

Association of UGT2B7 and UGT1A4 Polymorphisms with Serum Concentration of Antiepileptic Drugs in Children.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyze the relationship of UGT2B7 and UGT1A4 polymorphisms with metabolism of valproic acid (VPA) and lamotrigine (LTG) in epileptic children. MATERIAL AND METHODS We administered VPA (102) and LTG (102) to 204 children with epilepsy. Blood samples were collected before the morning dose.