Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage to the Chest Subcutaneous Pocket Due to Aggressive Brain Edema around the Leads for Deep Brain Stimulation: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Cerebral edema around the lead has been reported as a complication of deep brain stimulation; however, the causes remain unknown. Herein, we present a rare case of sudden cerebral edema around the lead occurring after deep brain stimulation. This was accompanied by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage into the subcutaneous thoracic pocket around the implantable pulse generator in a 53-year-old man with Parkinson's disease.

Foreign body granuloma around implantable pulse generator for deep brain stimulation: Two case reports.

We report two cases of granuloma that occurred around an implantable pulse generator (IPG) for deep brain stimulation. Both cases showed no signs of infection and disappeared after moving the IPG and removing the granulation. If a noninfectious mass is formed, the relocation of IPG may improve it.

Bilateral Pallidal Stimulation with Directional Leads for Primary Focal Lingual Dystonia.

There have been limited studies regarding stereotactic and functional neurosurgery for lingual dystonia. Here, we report a patient with primary lingual dystonia who showed significant improvement after bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS). A 42-year-old woman presented with a 5- to 6-year history of tongue protrusion; however, she lacked a significant medical or medication history before onset.

The Behavior and Acrosomal Status of Mouse Spermatozoa In Vitro, and Within the Oviduct During Fertilization after Natural Mating.

Although 90%-100% of mouse oocytes can be fertilized in vitro with capacitated spermatozoa within 1 h after insemination, oocytes within the oviduct are fertilized one by one over a period of several hours. In vitro experiments showed that both acrosome-intact and acrosome-reacted spermatozoa entered the cumulus oophorus, but that acrosome-reacted spermatozoa reached the surface of oocytes more readily than acrosome-intact spermatozoa. During the period of fertilization within the oviduct, acrosome-reacted spermatozoa were seen throughout the isthmus, but with higher incidence in the upper than in the mid- and lower segments of the isthmus.

Behavior of Mouse Spermatozoa in the Female Reproductive Tract from Soon after Mating to the Beginning of Fertilization.

Using transgenic mice with spermatozoa expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in their acrosome and red fluorescent protein in their midpiece mitochondria, we followed the behavior of spermatozoa within the female genital tract after natural mating. When examined 15 min after coitus, many spermatozoa were around the opening of the uterotubal junction. Spermatozoa that entered the uterotubal junction were seemingly not moving, yet they steadily migrated toward the isthmus at a speed only time-lapse video recording could demonstrate.

Expression of TEX101, regulated by ACE, is essential for the production of fertile mouse spermatozoa.

Formation of spermatozoa of normal shape, number, and motility is insufficient for the male siring of pups. The spermatozoa must be accompanied by sound fertilizing ability. We found that males with disrupted testis-expressed gene 101 (Tex101) produce normal-looking but fertilization-incompetent spermatozoa, which were accompanied by a deficiency of a disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 3 (ADAM3) on sperm plasma membrane.

Function of the acrosomal matrix: zona pellucida 3 receptor (ZP3R/sp56) is not essential for mouse fertilization.

In mammalian fertilization, sperm-zona pellucida binding is considered to be a critical aspect of gamete interaction. In this study, we examine the mouse sperm acrosomal matrix protein zona pellucida 3 receptor (ZP3R; formerly called sp56) because of our interest in defining the function of the acrosomal matrix, the particulate compartment within the sperm secretory acrosome. Using targeted deletion of the Zp3r gene by homologous recombination, we examined the fertility of nullizygous animals.

Mechanisms of fertilization--a view from the study of gene-manipulated mice.

Recent gene knockout approaches have revealed that many of the factors previously considered to be important were largely dispensable in gene-knockout animals, and that previously unknown factors are emerging. Unexpectedly, sperm from 5 different gene-disrupted mouse lines (calmegin (Clgn), Adam1a, Adam2, Adam3, and Ace) all have defective zona-binding ability and oviduct-migrating ability. We have disrupted a new testis-specific molecular chaperone, calsperin (Calr3), which became the sixth gene sharing the same infertile phenotype.

Transgenic mouse sperm that have green acrosome and red mitochondria allow visualization of sperm and their acrosome reaction in vivo.

In the present paper, we introduce a transgenic mouse line whose sperm express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in their acrosome and red fluorescent protein (RFP) in their mitochondria [B6D2F1- Tg(CAG/su9-DsRed2, Acr3-EGFP)RBGS002Osb]. The dual fluorescent sperm showed normal fertilizing ability in both in vivo and in vitro fertilization and the sperm could be observed through uterine and oviductal walls when female reproductive tracts were dissected out and placed under excitation light. This characteristic could facilitate examination of sperm migration inside the female reproductive tract as well as facilitating in situ live imaging of the acrosome reaction, the details of which have remained elusive.

Disruption of ADAM3 impairs the migration of sperm into oviduct in mouse.

Sperm from four different gene-disrupted mouse lines (calmegin [Clgn], Adam1a, Adam2, and Ace) are known to have defective zona-binding ability. Moreover, it is also reported that the sperm from all of these mouse lines exhibit another common phenotype of impaired migration into oviduct despite the large number of sperm found in uterus after coitus. On the other hand, the sperm from the Adam3-disrupted mouse line was reported to have defects in binding ability to zona, but were able to move into the oviduct.