Difference in Physiological Components of VO2 Max During Incremental and Constant Exercise Protocols for the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test.

[Purpose] VO2 is expressed as the product of cardiac output and O2 extraction by the Fick equation. During the incremental exercise test and constant high-intensity exercise test, VO2 results in the attainment of maximal O2 uptake at exhaustion. However, the differences in the physiological components, cardiac output and muscle O2 extraction, have not been fully elucidated.

Cremophor EL augments the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide in lymphocytes dissociated from rat thymus glands.

The pharmaceutical uses of cremophor EL, a non-ionic surfactant, are similar to those of polysorbate 80. In our previous study, polysorbate 80 exerted some adverse actions on rat thymocytes under in vitro condition. Therefore, the effects of cremophor EL on thymic lymphocytes were examined using a flow cytometer with appropriate fluorescent dyes.