Potential Medicinal Efficacy of Alkaline Extract of Pine Seed Shell: Anti-UVC Activity and Macrophage Activation.

Background/aim: Alkaline extracts of several plants which contain lignin degradation products have several unique biological activities. In order to search for new biological activities of alkaline extracts of pine seed shell (APs), their anti-ultraviolet C (UVC) and macrophage stimulation activity were investigated.

Materials And Methods: Anti-UVC activity was determined by the ratio of the 50% cytotoxic concentration against human melanoma cell line COLO679 to the 50% UVC-protective concentration.

Antileishmanial and lung adenocarcinoma cell toxicity of (Linn.) dunal root and fruit extracts.

This study aims to evaluate the anti- and the lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cytotoxicity of root and fruit. The total extracts were obtained by homogenisation in aqueous MeOH, and the sub-extracts [-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), -butanol (-BuOH), and methanol (MeOH)] were obtained by flash chromatography. The activity evaluation showed that -BuOH sub-extracts from root and fruit exhibited noticeable antileishmanial promastigote properties.

Radical-scavenging and Pro-/anti-inflammatory Activity of Tetracycline and Related Phenolic Compounds With or Without Visible Light Irradiation.

Background/aim: Microbial tetracycline (TC) pastes have been employed to treat oral bacterial infection. In the present study, we investigated the kinetic radical-scavenging and pro-/anti-inflammatory activity of TC with or without visible light irradiation (VLI).

Materials And Methods: The radical-scavenging activity of TC and minocycline (MC) was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Cytotoxicity and Pro-inflammatory Properties of Aliphatic Alpha, Beta-unsaturated Acid and Ester Monomers in RAW264.7 Cells and Their Chemical Reactivity.

Background/aim: α,β-Unsaturated ester monomers such as methyl methacrylates (MMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylates (2-HEMA), ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and triethyleneglycol dimetacrylate (TEGDMA) have been widely used in dentistry as dental materials. The present study was designed to clarify the proinflammatory activity of monomers.

Materials And Methods: The cytotoxicity of the monomers and their effects on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2), nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2) and heme oxygenase 1 (Ho-1) mRNAs in RAW264.

Changes in Metabolic Profiles of Human Oral Cells by Benzylidene Ascorbates and Eugenol.

Sodium-5,6-benzylidene-L-ascorbate (SBA), and its component units, benzaldehyde (BA) and sodium ascorbate (SA), are known to exert antitumor activity, while eugenol exerts anti-inflammatory activity. To narrow down their intracellular targets, metabolomic analysis was performed. Viable cell number was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method.

Cytotoxicity and Pro-/Anti-inflammatory Properties of Cinnamates, Acrylates and Methacrylates Against RAW264.7 Cells.

Background/aim: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease linked to various systemic age-related conditions. It is known that α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds such as dietary cinnamates (β-phenyl acrylates) and related (meth)acrylates can have various positive and negative health effects, including cytotoxicity, allergic activity, pro-and anti-inflammatory activity, and anticancer activity. To clarify the anti-inflammatory properties of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds without a phenolic group in the context of periodontal tissue inflammation and alveolar bone loss, we investigated the cytotoxicity and up-regulatory/down-regulatory effect of three trans-cinnamates (trans-cinnamic acid, methyl cinnamate, trans-cinnamaldehyde), two acrylates (ethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), and three methacrylates (methyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate) using RAW264.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of β-Carotene, Lycopene and Tri--butylborane, a Scavenger of Reactive Oxygen Species.

Background/aim: The polyene carotenoids β-carotene and lycopene are antioxidants that not only quench singlet oxygen but also inhibit lipid peroxidation. Tri-n-butyl borane (TBB) is used as an initiator for dental resin materials and is extremely reactive with oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This reactionability of TBB may be analogous to that of carotenoids with ROS.

Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2, Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 and Heme Oxygenase-1 mRNA Induced by -Eugenol in RAW264.7 Cells and their Antioxidant Activity Determined Using the Induction Period Method.

Background/aim: To clarify the mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory/proinflammatory activities of eugenol-related compounds, we investigated the cytotoxicity and up-regulatory/down-refgulatory effects of the biphenols curcumin, bis-eugenol, magnolol and honokiol, and the monophenols eugenol and isoeugenol, on major regulators of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA in RAW264.7 cells.

Materials And Methods: mRNA expression was investigated using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the theoretical parameters were calculated using the DFT/B3LYP/6-31* method.

Radical-scavenging and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Quercetin and Related Compounds and Their Combinations Against RAW264.7 Cells Stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis Fimbriae. Relationships between Anti-inflammatory Activity and Quantum Chemical Parameters.

Background/aim: The flavonoid quercetin exerts significant anti-inflammatory activity against chronic infections, including periodontal disease. However, it is unclear whether combination of quercetin with other flavonoids enhances antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. To clarify the molecular mechanism responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin, we investigated the antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin and its related compounds, catechin and epicatechin, and their combinations.

The Radical Scavenging Activity and Cytotoxicity of Resveratrol, Orcinol and 4-Allylphenol and their Inhibitory Effects on Cox-2 Gene Expression and Nf-κb Activation in RAW264.7 Cells Stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis-fimbriae.

Background/aim: Resveratrol is a polyphenol with efficient anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. To clarify the molecular mechanism responsible for its anti-inflammatory action, we investigated the radical scavenging activity, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of resveratrol and its related compounds, orcinol and 4-allylphenol.

Materials And Methods: The radical scavenging activities of these compounds were determined by the DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay and their cytotoxicities against RAW264.

Inhibitory effects of p-cresol and p-hydroxy anisole dimers on expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated activation of nuclear factor-κB in RAW264.7 cells.

Background/aim: Phenolic compounds, particularly dihydroxybiphenyl-related compounds, possess efficient anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of 2,2'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dimethylbiphenol (p-cresol dimer), 2,2'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dimethoxybiphenol (pHA dimer), p-cresol, p-hydroxyanisole (pHA) and 2-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA).

Materials And Methods: The cytotoxicity of the investigated compounds against RAW264.

Inhibitory effects of tocopherols on expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-α or Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae.

Background: Tocopherols, which include α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol, protect cells against harmful free radicals and play an important role in preventing many human diseases such as cancer, inflammatory disorders, and ageing itself. However, the causal relationships between periodontal or oral chronic diseases and tocopherols have not been sufficiently studied. The present study investigated the inhibitory effects of these compounds on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) mRNA in RAW264.

Re-evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of eugenol in IL-1β-stimulated gingival fibroblast and pulp cells.

Background: We recently reported that eugenol exerted comparable cytotoxicity towards human normal and tumor cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of eugenol on interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by IL-1β-stimulated oral cells.

Materials And Methods: The viable cell number was determined by direct cell counting with a hemocytometer after trypsinization.

Changes of metabolic profiles in an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line induced by eugenol.

Background: We have recently reported that eugenol exerted indiscriminate cytotoxicity towards normal oral cells and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines without induction of apoptosis markers. In order to investigate the underlying mechanisms of cytotoxicity induction, we investigated the effect of short-term treatment with eugenol on the metabolic profiles of a human OSCC cell line (HSC-2).

Materials And Methods: The viable cell number was determined by direct cell counting with a hemocytometer after trypsinization.

Cytotoxicity of dental compounds towards human oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral cells.

Aim: The cytotoxicity of four dental compounds, hydroquinone, benzoquinone, eugenol and phtharal towards human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines, normal human oral cells (gingival fibroblast, pulp cell, periodontal ligament fibroblast) and skin keratinocytes was investigated.

Materials And Methods: Viable cell number was determined by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The concentration that reduced the viable cells by 50% (CC(50)) and the concentration that increased the viability of UV-irradiated cells to 50% (EC(50)) were determined from the dose-response curves.

Porphyromonas gingivalis Fimbria-Induced Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines and Cyclooxygenase-2 in Mouse Macrophages and Its Inhibition by the Bioactive Compounds Fibronectin and Melatonin.

Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) fimbriae, in addition to lipopolysaccharide, are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. At the same time, bioactive compounds such as fibronectin (FN) and melatonin in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid have been reported to exert a preventive effect against periodontitis. Here, we review current knowledge regarding the potent inhibitory effects of FN and melatonin against Pg fimbria-induced induction of proinflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and NF-kappa B activation in mouse macrophages and discuss their possible clinical application for prevention of periodontal diseases induced by oral bacteria.

Effect of melatonin on cyclooxygenase-2 expression and nuclear factor-kappa B activation in RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells stimulated with fimbriae of Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Background: The possible link between melatonin and anti-inflammatory activity is currently a focus of interest. In the present study, COX-2 expression and NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells stimulated with the fimbriae of Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral anaerobe, in the absence and presence of melatonin were investigated.

Radical-scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of p-methoxyphenol and p-cresol dimers.

Compoundswith two phenolic OH groups like curcumin possess efficient antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. We synthesized p-cresol dimer (2,2'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dimethylbiphenol, 2a) and p-methoxyphenol dimer (2,2'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dimethoxybiphenol, 2b) by ortho-ortho coupling reactions of the parent monomers, p-cresol (1a) and p-methoxyphenol (1b), respectively. Their antioxidant activity was determined using the induction period method, and their cytotoxicity towards RAW 264.

Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase-2-inhibiting activity of 4,4'-biphenol, 2,2'-biphenol and phenol.

The anthropogenic substance 4,4'-biphenol and its analogues are estrogenic and cytotoxic. It has been previously found that synthesized ortho-dimers of phenolic compounds possess potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. To clarify the relationships between radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities, the radical-scavenging activities of 4,4'-biphenol, 2,2'-biphenol and phenol were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry to measure the induction period for polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by thermal decomposition of 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile.

The relationship of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella melaninogenica in the supragingival plaque of children, caries and oral malodor.

Purpose: A relationship between the distribution of periodontal bacteria species and malodor in children has not been sufficiently investigated. The present study was undertaken to determine the presence of 3 periodontopathic bacteria (Prevotella spp. P.

Comparative anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin based on the phenolic O-H bond dissociation enthalpy, ionization potential and quantum chemical descriptor.

Curcumin and its reduced derivative tetrahydrocurcumin have been shown to exhibit chemopreventive activity. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbria-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was investigated using Northern blot analysis.

Re-evaluation of cyclooxygenase-2-inhibiting activity of vanillin and guaiacol in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide.

Phytophenols such as para-substituted 2-methoxyphenols exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, however, their biological activities are concentration-dependent, possibly due to their dual property of being both antioxidant and prooxidant. Eugenol (2-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) and isoeugenol (4-propenyl-2-methoxyphenol) did not reveal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-inhibiting activity in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, vanillin (2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) and guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol), especially the former, inhibited LPS-stimulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 gene expression in cells of the RAW 264.

Predicting the biological activities of 2-methoxyphenol antioxidants: effects of dimers.

Unlabelled: Selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors have attracted much attention in relation to the design of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). The relationship between experimentally derived data on the antioxidant capacity, cytotoxicity and COX-2 inhibition for a range of 2-methoxyphenols and their calculated descriptors was investigated.

Materials And Methods: Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed on a series of 2-methoxyphenols that act as COX-2 inhibitors using electronic descriptors, such as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), ionization potential (IP), chemical hardness (q), and electronegativity (chi), which were calculated by the CONFLEXIPM3 method.