Anti-obesity effect of intranasal administration of galanin-like peptide (GALP) in obese mice.

Galanin-like peptide (GALP) has an anti-obesity effect in rats and mice. It has been reported that the uptake of GALP by the brain is higher after intranasal administration than with intravenous injection. This study therefore aimed to clarify the effect of intranasal administration of GALP on the feeding behavior of lean and obese mice.

Preventive effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor on atherosclerosis is mainly attributable to incretin's actions in nondiabetic and diabetic apolipoprotein E-null mice.

Aim: Several recent reports have revealed that dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors have suppressive effects on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null (Apoe (-/-)) mice. It remains to be seen, however, whether this effect stems from increased levels of the two active incretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP).

Methods: Nontreated Apoe (-/-) mice, streptozotocin-induced diabetic Apoe (-/-) mice, and db/db diabetic mice were administered the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin in drinking water and co-infused with either saline, the GLP-1 receptor blocker, exendin(9-39), the GIP receptor blocker, (Pro(3))GIP, or both via osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks.

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide prevents the progression of macrophage-driven atherosclerosis in diabetic apolipoprotein E-null mice.

Aim: We recently reported that glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) prevents the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null (Apoe(-/-)) mice. GIP receptors (GIPRs) are found to be severely down-regulated in diabetic animals. We examined whether GIP can exert anti-atherogenic effects in diabetes.