Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of three doses of co-suspension delivery technology glycopyrronium MDI in Japanese patients with moderate-to-severe COPD.

Purpose: Due to the burden of COPD in Japan, new pharmacologic treatments are needed to meet patient requirements. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of glycopyrronium (GP) delivered via metered dose inhaler (MDI) in Japanese patients with moderate-to-severe COPD.

Methods: This Phase IIb, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 7-day, crossover study compared GP MDI 28.

Exposure to air pollution and meteorological factors associated with children's primary care visits at night due to asthma attack: case-crossover design for 3-year pooled patients.

Objective: We examined the association of outdoor air pollution and meteorological parameters with primary care visits (PCVs) at night due to asthma attack.

Setting: A case-crossover study was conducted in a primary care clinic in Himeji City, Japan.

Participants: Participants were 1447 children aged 0-14 years who visited the clinic with an asthma attack from April 2010 until March 2013.

Association between PM2.5 and primary care visits due to asthma attack in Japan: relation to Beijing's air pollution episode in January 2013.

Aim: In January 2013, extremely high concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) were observed around Beijing, China. In Japan, the health effects of transboundary air pollution have been a matter of concern.

Association of ambient air pollution and meteorological factors with primary care visits at night due to asthma attack.

Aim: The association of outdoor air pollution and meteorological elements with primary care visits at night due to asthma attack was studied.

Methods: A case-crossover study was conducted in a primary care clinic in Himeji City, Japan. The subjects were 956 children aged 0-14 years who visited the clinic with an asthma attack between the hours of 9 p.

Synthesis of helically twisted [1 + 1]macrocycles assisted by amidinium-carboxylate salt bridges and control of their chiroptical properties.

A series of optically active, helically twisted [1 + 1]macrocycles connected via o-, m-, and p-linkages (o-, m-, and p-) was prepared from the corresponding linear duplexes stabilized by complementary amidinium-carboxylate salt bridges bearing two arms with terminal vinyl groups at both ends through the ring-closing metathesis reaction in the good yields of 67, 92, and 96%, respectively. The chiroptical properties of the macrocycles were dependent on the linker geometries and could be controlled by acid-base interactions and zinc coordination, the changes in which were detected by their CD and absorption spectral changes and fluorescence colors.

Risk factors for wheezing, eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis in the previous 12 months among six-year-old children in Himeji City, Japan: food allergy, older siblings, day-care attendance and parental allergy history.

Background: The aim of this study was to clarify whether some environmental and genetic factors (food allergy, older siblings, early day-care attendance and parents' allergy history) are related to the development of allergic symptoms (wheezing in the previous 12 months [WP], eczema symptoms in the previous 12 months [EP], and rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms in the previous 12 months [RP]) in Japanese children.

Methods: Using the modified version of the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISSAC) questionnaire, we studied the prevalence of WP, EP and RP among six-year-old children attending 72 primary schools throughout Himeji City, Japan, during the two years from 2005 to 2006.

Results: Food allergy and parents' history of allergy showed a significant relationship with the prevalence of WP, EP and RP.

Copper-catalyzed synthesis of esters from ketones. Alkyl group as a leaving group.

The conversion of ketones to esters has been achieved through the use of Cu catalyst and tetrabutylammonium nitrite. This reaction involves the activation of the less activated C-C bond, and the alkyl group is removed as a leaving group. Various isopropyl ketones are found to be good substrates for this reaction.

Current cat ownership may be associated with the lower prevalence of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and Japanese cedar pollinosis in schoolchildren in Himeji, Japan.

The aim of the study was to clarify the relationship between current pet ownership, passive smoking, and allergic diseases among the Japanese children. From 1995 to 2001, we distributed the Japanese edition of the questionnaire of the American Thoracic Society and the Division of Lung Diseases (ATS-DLD) to survey allergic diseases among 35,552 6-yr-old children at primary school in the city of Himeji, Japan. We analyzed the data by multiple logistic regression and calculated adjusted odds ratios for environmental factors, including passive smoking and pet (dog and/or cat) ownership.