Innate immunity in peripheral tissues is differentially impaired under normal and endotoxic conditions in aging.

Chronic low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of aging, aka "inflammaging", which is linked to a wide range of age-associated diseases. Immune dysfunction increases disease susceptibility, and increases morbidity and mortality of aging. Innate immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils, are the first responders of host defense and the key mediators of various metabolic and inflammatory insults.

Serum cytokine profile of neonatal broiler chickens infected with .

The avian immune system responds to infection by expressing cytokines and chemokines. We hypothesized that the immune status of Typhimurium (ST) challenged neonatal broilers would differ from the uninfected treatment. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate 12 cytokines.

Unraveling frontiers in poultry health (part 1) - Mitigating economically important viral and bacterial diseases in commercial Chicken and Turkey production.

This symposium offered up-to-date perspectives on field experiences and the latest research on significant viral and bacterial diseases affecting poultry. A highlight was the discussion on the use of enteroids as advanced in vitro models for exploring disease pathogenesis. Outcomes of this symposium included identifying the urgent need to improve the prevention and control of avian influenza by focusing research on vaccine effectiveness.

Chicken-Specific Kinome Analysis of Early Host Immune Signaling Pathways in the Cecum of Newly Hatched Chickens Infected With Serovar Enteritidis.

Poultry is a major source of human foodborne illness caused by broad host range serovars (paratyphoid), and developing cost-effective, pre-harvest interventions to reduce these pathogens would be valuable to the industry and consumer. Host responses to infectious agents are often regulated through phosphorylation. However, proteomic mechanisms of Salmonella acute infection biology and host responses to the bacteria have been limited concentrating predominately on the genomic responses of the host to infection.

From crypts to enteroids: establishment and characterization of avian intestinal organoids.

Intestinal organoids (IO), known as "mini-guts", derived from intestinal crypts, are self-organizing three-dimensional (3D) multicellular ex vivo models that recapitulate intestine epithelial structure and function and have been widely used for studying intestinal physiology, pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, and intestinal disease in mammals. However, studies on avian IO are limited and the development of long-term cultures of IO model for poultry research is lacking. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to generate crypt-derived organoids from chicken intestines and to optimize conditions for cell growth and enrichments, passages, and cryopreservation.

Evaluation of Sodium Bisulfate on Reducing Heidelberg Biofilm and Colonization in Broiler Crops and Ceca.

Heidelberg (SH) on contaminated poultry causes economic and health risks to producers and consumers. We hypothesized that sodium bisulfate (SBS) would decrease SH biofilm on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coupons and decrease the horizontal transfer of SH in broilers. Experiment 1: Heidelberg biofilm was cultured with PVC coupons, which were treated with SBS at a pH of 3.

Determination of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Salmonella from Commercial Poultry as Influenced by Microbiological Culture and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods.

Monitoring antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens in poultry is critical for food safety. We aimed to compare antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in isolated from poultry samples as influenced by isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods. isolates were cultured from a convenience sample of commercial broiler ceca with and without selective broth enrichment, and resistance phenotypes were determined for 14 antimicrobials using the Sensititre platform and a qualitative broth breakpoint assay.

Novel Models for Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in Chickens: Intestinal Inflammation Pattern and Biomarkers.

For poultry producers, chronic low-grade intestinal inflammation has a negative impact on productivity by impairing nutrient absorption and allocation of nutrients for growth. Understanding the triggers of chronic intestinal inflammation and developing a non-invasive measurement is crucial to managing gut health in poultry. In this study, we developed two novel models of low-grade chronic intestinal inflammation in broiler chickens: a chemical model using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and a dietary model using a high non-starch polysaccharide diet (NSP).

Competitive Exclusion of Intra-Genus in Neonatal Broilers.

Salmonellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by serotypes contracted from contaminated products. We hypothesized that competitive exclusion between serotypes in neonatal broilers would reduce colonization and affect the host immune response. Day of hatch broilers were randomly allocated to one of six treatment groups: (1) control, which received saline, (2) Kentucky (SK) only on day 1 (D1), (3) Typhimurium (ST) or Enteritidis (SE) only on D1, (4) SK on D1 then ST or SE on day 2 (D2), (5) ST or SE on D1 then SK on D2, and (6) SK and ST or SE concurrently on D1.

Altered expression of lactate dehydrogenase and monocarboxylate transporter involved in lactate metabolism in broiler wooden breast.

Wooden breast (WB) results in significant losses to the broiler industry due to reductions in meat quality. While the etiology of WB is unknown, it is believed to be associated with localized hypoxia and decreased lactate levels in skeletal muscles, indicating the presence of altered lactate metabolism in WB. We hypothesized that the expression levels of the major signaling molecules that control lactate metabolism, including lactate dehydrogenases (LDHA and LDHB) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCT1 and MCT4), were altered in WB.

Evaluation of the Effects of Pre-Slaughter High-Frequency Electrical Stunning Current Intensities on Lipid Oxidative Stability and Antioxidant Capacity in the Liver of Yangzhou Goose ().

Limited research has been performed to evaluate the effects of high-frequency electrical stunning (ES) methods on the lipid oxidative stability of the meat goose livers. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of high-frequency-ES current intensities on lipid oxidative stability and antioxidant capacity in the liver of Yangzhou goose (). Forty 92-day-old male Yangzhou geese were randomly divided into five treatments ( = 8).

Dietary Factors as Triggers of Low-Grade Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in Poultry.

Inflammation is the reaction of the immune system to an injury; it is aimed at the recovery and repair of damaged tissue. The inflammatory response can be beneficial to the animal since it will reestablish tissue homeostasis if well regulated. However, if it is not controlled, inflammation might lead to a chronic response with a subsequent loss of tissue function.

Effects of Bacillus subtilis and coccidial vaccination on cecal microbial diversity and composition of Eimeria-challenged male broilers.

In a companion study, the effects of dietary antibiotic alternative and coccidial vaccination on the growth performance of male broilers have been reported. In this paper, the effects of dietary probiotics and coccidial vaccination on diversity and composition of cecal microbiota were investigated using a 3 (diets) × 2 (vaccinated or non-vaccinated) factorial setting of treatments. Three diets, including a corn and soybean-meal control diet, an antibiotic diet (a control diet supplemented with bacitracin and salinomycin), and a probiotic diet (a control diet supplemented with Bacillus subtilis) were provided to broiler chicken from day 0 to 42.

Iron oxide nanozyme suppresses intracellular Enteritidis growth and alleviates infection .

Enteritidis ( Enteritidis) is a globally significant zoonotic foodborne pathogen which has led to large numbers of deaths in humans and caused economic losses in animal husbandry. Enteritidis invades host cells and survives within the cells, causing resistance to antibiotic treatment. Effective methods of elimination and eradication of intracellular Enteritidis are still very limited.

Evaluation of Alternative Euthanasia Methods of Neonatal Chickens.

Hatched male layer chicks are currently euthanized by maceration in the United States. Public concerns on the use of maceration have led to the search for alternative methods. We hypothesized that gas inhalation and low atmospheric pressure stunning (LAPS) are viable and humane alternatives to instantaneous mechanical destruction.

Depopulation of Caged Layer Hens with a Compressed Air Foam System.

During the 2014-2015 US highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak, 50.4 million commercial layers and turkeys were affected, resulting in economic losses of $3.3 billion.

Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Infused Compressed Air Foam for Depopulation of Caged Laying Hens.

Depopulation of infected poultry flocks is a key strategy to control and contain reportable diseases. Water-based foam, carbon dioxide inhalation, and ventilation shutdown are depopulation methods available to the poultry industry. Unfortunately, these methods have limited usage in caged layer hen operations.

Immortalized cell lines for real-time analysis of circadian pacemaker and peripheral oscillator properties.

In the mammalian circadian system, cell-autonomous clocks in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are distinguished from those in other brain regions and peripheral tissues by the capacity to generate coordinated rhythms and drive oscillations in other cells. To further establish in vitro models for distinguishing the functional properties of SCN and peripheral oscillators, we developed immortalized cell lines derived from fibroblasts and the SCN anlage of mPer2 (Luc) knockin mice. Circadian rhythms in luminescence driven by the mPER2::LUC fusion protein were observed in cultures of mPer2 (Luc) SCN cells and in serum-shocked or SCN2.

Effects of neonatal alcohol exposure on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Neonatal alcohol exposure produces long-term changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that are presumably responsible for disturbances in the light-dark regulation of circadian behavior in adult rats, including the pattern of photoentrainment, rate of re-entrainment to shifted light-dark cycles, and phase-shifting responses to light. Because SCN neurons containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) receive direct photic input via the retinohypothalamic tract and thus play an important role in the circadian regulation of the SCN clock mechanism by light, the present study examined the long-term effects of neonatal alcohol exposure on VIP neuronal populations within the SCN of adult rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to alcohol (EtOH; 3.

Neonatal alcohol exposure differentially alters clock gene oscillations within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, cerebellum, and liver of adult rats.

Background: In rats, alcohol exposure during the period of rapid brain growth produces long-term changes in the free-running period, photoentrainment and phase-shifting responses of the circadian rhythm in wheel-running behavior. To determine whether these alterations in circadian behavior are associated with permanent damage to the circadian timekeeping mechanism or reconfiguration of its molecular components, we examined the long-term effects of neonatal alcohol exposure on clock gene rhythms in the pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and in other brain or peripheral tissues of adult rats.

Methods: Artificially reared male rat pups were exposed to alcohol (4.

Long-term effects of neonatal alcohol exposure on photic reentrainment and phase-shifting responses of the activity rhythm in adult rats.

In rats, neonatal alcohol (EtOH) exposure coinciding with the period of rapid brain growth produces structural damage in some brain regions that often persists into adulthood and thus may have long-term consequences in the neural regulation of behavior. Because recent findings indicate that the circadian clock located in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus is vulnerable to alcohol-induced insults during development, the present study examined the long-term effects of neonatal alcohol exposure on the photic regulation of circadian behavior in adult rats. Rat pups were exposed to alcohol (3.

Circadian regulation and function of voltage-dependent calcium channels in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Individual neurons within the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCNs) are capable of functioning as autonomous clocks and generating circadian rhythms in the expression of genes that form the molecular clockworks. Limited information is available on how these molecular oscillations in individual clock cells are coordinated to provide for the ensemble rhythmicity that is normally observed from the entire SCN. Because calcium influx via voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression and synchronization of rhythmicity across the population of SCN clock cells, we first examined the rat SCN and an immortalized line of SCN cells (SCN2.

Developmental alcohol exposure alters light-induced phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm in rats.

Background: Developmental alcohol (EtOH) exposure produces long-term changes in the photic regulation of rat circadian behavior. Because entrainment of circadian rhythms to 24-hr light/dark cycles is mediated by phase shifting or resetting the clock mechanism, we examined whether developmental EtOH exposure also alters the phase-shifting effects of light pulses on the rat activity rhythm.

Methods: Artificially reared Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to EtOH (4.

Myometrial effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators on estradiol-responsive gene expression are gene and cell-specific.

We examined in vivo effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) 4-OH-tamoxifen (Tam), GW 5638 (GW) and EM-800 (EM) on myometrial gene expression. The uteri of ovariectomized ewes were infused with 10(-7)M of one SERM via indwelling catheters for 24h preceding hysterectomy. Half of the ewes in each SERM group received an intramuscular injection of 50 microg 17beta-estradiol (E2) 18 h prior to hysterectomy.

Endometrial effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) on estradiol-responsive gene expression are gene and cell-specific.

Three selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) drugs which included 4-OH-tamoxifen (Tam), EM-800 (EM) and GW 5638 (GW) were investigated to determine their ability to inhibit estradiol-responsive gene expression in sheep endometrium. The uteri of ovariectomized ewes (10 ewes per SERM group) were infused with 10(-7)M SERMs for 24h prior to hysterectomy. Five ewes from each group received 50 microg 17beta-estradiol (E2) and the remaining five ewes received vehicle 18 h prior to hysterectomy.