Withdrawal of spatial overt attention following intentional forgetting: evidence from eye movements.

Eye movements were measured to examine whether item-method directed forgetting involved a spatial overt attention shift. Experiment 1 showed that participants' eyes were moved away from the study word following the forget and ignore cues, but not the remember cue. Experiment 2 revealed that the eyes were moved away from the area that covered by the study word even when the study word disappeared upon the presentation of the memory cue.

The eye movement measure of memory and its relationship with explicit measures.

This study examined whether the eye movement can be used to measure memory of past events and its relationship with the explicit measures. In Experiment 1, after studying a list of Chinese characters, the participants received a recognition memory test. For each trial the participants had to indicate, among one studied character and two nonstudied homonyms, which character they had studied.

Costs and benefits in item-method directed forgetting: differential effects of encoding and retrieval.

This study examined how encoding and retrieval factors affected directed forgetting costs and benefits in an item-method procedure. Experiment 1 used a typical item-method procedure and revealed a levels-of-processing effect in overall recall. However, the deep encoding condition showed a smaller directed forgetting effect than the shallow encoding conditions.

Post-event information presented in a question form eliminates the misinformation effect.

This study investigated the influences of sentence surface forms on the misinformation effect. After viewing a film clip, participants received a post-event narrative describing the events in the film. Critical sentences in the post-event narrative, presented in either a statement or a question form, contained misinformation instead of questions with embedded false presuppositions; thus participants did not have to answer questions about the original event.

Effects of aging and education on false memory.

This study examined the effects of aging and education on participants' false memory for words that were not presented. Three age groups of participants with either a high or low education level were asked to study lists of semantically related words. Both age and education were found to affect veridical and false memory, as indicated in the recall and recognition of the studied word and nonstudied lures.

How do we forget negative events? The role of attentional, cognitive, and metacognitive control.

Four experiments using the item-method directed forgetting procedure examined how people intentionally forget significant negative emotional events. The cued-recall test showed that the directed forgetting effect was smaller for negative events than for neutral events. For both negative and neutral events, post-forgetting probe reaction times were longer than post-remembering probe reaction times on a speeded spatial judgement task, suggesting that forgetting was more demanding than remembering within seconds after the memory cue.

Intentional forgetting reduces color-naming interference: evidence from item-method directed forgetting.

In an item-method-directed forgetting task, Chinese words were presented individually, each followed by an instruction to remember or forget. Colored probe items were presented following each memory instruction requiring a speeded color-naming response. Half of the probe items were novel and unrelated to the preceding study item, whereas the remaining half of the probe items were a repetition of the preceding study item.

Cognitive load hypothesis of item-method directed forgetting.

This study examined the effect of the processing demands of to-be-remembered (TBR) words on item-method directed forgetting. Experiment 1 found that a standard memory group remembered fewer to-be-forgotten (TBF) words than a naming group, in which participants simply named the TBR words during the study phase, even though both groups were equally instructed to forget the TBF words. Experiment 2 manipulated the number of TBR words in the study list, keeping the number of TBF words constant, and found that TBF word forgetting was more difficult in the few TBR words condition than the more TBR words condition.

Divided attention facilitates intentional forgetting: evidence from item-method directed forgetting.

This study examined the effects of post-cue interval and cognitive load on item-method directed forgetting. The results of Experiment 1 (free recall test) and Experiment 2 (cued recall test) showed that forget item retention increased as the post-cue interval increased. Moreover, increasing the cognitive load of participants by asking them to perform a secondary counting task did not impair, but rather facilitated, the intentional forgetting of the studied item under long post-cue interval conditions.

Factors influencing the intention to utilize out-of-pocket health checkup services: A sample of citizens from 12 townships of Taichung County in Taiwan.

Background: Taiwan started its National Health Insurance (NHI) system in 1995. However, until now, most cancer screening tests and preventive care have been out-of-pocket (OOP) medical items excluded from the coverage of NHI. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing an individual's intention to utilize OOP health checkups.

Analyzing recognition performance with sparse data.

Experiments in which recognition performance is measured sometimes involve only a small number of observations per subject, rendering d' analysis unreliable (Schooler & Shiffrin, 2005). Here, we introduce, in signal detection models, subject-specific random variables to account for heterogeneous hit and false alarm rates among individuals. Population d' effects for comparing groups are estimated, in this approach, by pooling information from a sample of subjects across experimental conditions.

Lexical association and false memory for words in two cultures.

This study examined the relationship between language experience and false memory produced by the DRM paradigm. The word lists used in Stadler, et al. (Memory & Cognition, 27, 494-500, 1999) were first translated into Chinese.

Can intentional forgetting reduce false memory? Effects of list-level and item-level forgetting.

This study examined whether false memory produced by the learning of lists of categorized and associative materials could be reduced by directed forgetting. The number of items within a list that participants were asked to remember or forget was manipulated, while the length of the list remained constant. Experiment 1a used categorized lists and Experiment 1b used associative lists; the participants performed immediate free recall and cued recall tests.

Effects of post-cue interval on intentional forgetting.

This study examined the effect of post-cue interval on directed forgetting and suppression. Experiments 1 and 2 used the item method of directed forgetting. The interval between the cue to remember/forget (R/F) and the presence of the next item was manipulated.

False memory and schizophrenia: evidence for gist memory impairment.

Background: In this study we examined patients' false memory, that is memory for a non-presented event, to search for a further source of converging evidence for the impairment of semantic memory in individuals with schizophrenia. In two experiments we compared the pattern of false memory created by the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm between individuals with schizophrenia and those of a normal control group.

Method: Experiment 1 tested participants on both recall and recognition of lists of semantically related words.

Correlation between different memory systems and striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor density: a single photon emission computed tomography study.

Objective: Although studies have indicated that the human basal ganglia have a specific role in different memory systems, the functional significance of the striatal dopamine activities for the basal ganglia remains less clear. This study assessed the relationship between measures of striatal dopamine activities and indices of different memory systems in healthy individuals.

Method: Single photon emission computed tomography and [123I]IBZM (iodobenzamide) were used to assess the striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor density in 62 healthy volunteers aged between 19 and 61 years.

Levels of processing and phonological priming in Chinese character completion tests.

This study investigated the level of processing (LoP) effect in the Chinese character completion task. Stem cues, either graphemically or phonetically related to a target character, were used to generate two different kinds of perceptual tests. By giving participants either direct or indirect instructions, the character completion tests could be either an explicit or an implicit memory test.