co-opts cytotoxic ribonucleases that antagonize host competitive microorganisms to promote infection.

Unlabelled: Phytopathogens secrete numerous molecules into the environment to establish a microbial niche and facilitate host infection. The phytopathogenic fungus which causes pear anthracnose, can colonize different plant tissues like leaves and fruits, which are occupied by a diversity of microbes. We speculate that this fungus produces antimicrobial effectors to outcompete host-associated competitive microorganisms.

Extracellular perception of multiple novel core effectors from the broad host-range pear anthracnose pathogen in the nonhost .

is emerging as a devastating pathogenic fungus causing anthracnose in a wide range of horticultural crops, particularly fruits. Exploitation of nonhost resistance (NHR) represents a robust strategy for plant disease management. Perception of core effectors from phytopathogens frequently leads to hypersensitive cell death and resistance in nonhost plants; however, such core effectors in and their signaling components in non-hosts remain elusive.

Ustilaginoidea virens-secreted effector Uv1809 suppresses rice immunity by enhancing OsSRT2-mediated histone deacetylation.

Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is a devastating rice (Oryza sativa) disease worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying U. virens-rice interactions are largely unknown.

Post-Translational Modification β-Hydroxybutyrylation Regulates Ustilaginoidea virens Virulence.

Lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation (K) is an evolutionarily conserved and widespread post-translational modification that is associated with active gene transcription and cellular proliferation. However, its role in phytopathogenic fungi remains unknown. Here, we characterized K in the rice false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens.

Nitrate reductase is required for sclerotial development and virulence of .

, the causal agent of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) on more than 450 plant species, is a notorious fungal pathogen. Nitrate reductase (NR) is required for nitrate assimilation that mediates the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and is the major enzymatic source for NO production in fungi. To explore the possible effects of nitrate reductase SsNR on the development, stress response, and virulence of , RNA interference (RNAi) of was performed.

Effect of different straw retention techniques on soil microbial community structure in wheat-maize rotation system.

Rotational straw return technique is considered an effective measure for improving soil quality and maintaining soil microorganisms. However, there are few reports on the influence of wheat-maize crop rotation and straw-returning tillage on crop soil microbial communities in China. This study aimed to investigate how wheat or maize straw-incorporation practices affect bacterial and fungal communities under wheat-maize rotational farming practices.

MoNap1, a Nucleosome Assemble Protein 1, Regulates Growth, Development, and Pathogenicity in .

Nap1 is an evolutionarily conserved protein from yeast to human and is involved in diverse physiological processes, such as nucleosome assembly, histone shuttling between the nucleus and cytoplasm, transcriptional regulation, and the cell cycle regulation. In this paper, we identified nucleosome assemble protein MoNap1 in and investigated its function in pathogenicity. Deletion of resulted in reduced growth and conidiation, decreased appressorium formation rate, and impaired virulence.

Cytochrome bc1 Complex: Potential Breach to Improve the Activity of Phenazines on .

The effects of the natural pesticides, phenazines, were reported to be limited by some tolerant metabolism processes within . Our previous studies suggested that the functional cytochrome bc1 complex, the indispensable component of the respiration chain, might participate in tolerating phenazines in . In this study, the cytochrome bc1 mutants of pv.

Development of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Detection Assay for Rapid and Visual Detection of in Tobacco.

Bacterial wilt caused by is a serious soilborne disease that results in severe losses to tobacco () production in China. In this study, a novel RPA-LFD assay for the rapid visual detection of was established using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and lateral-flow dipstick (LFD). The RPA-LFD assay was performed at 37°C in 30 min without complex equipment.

The RPA190-pc gene participates in the regulation of metalaxyl sensitivity, pathogenicity and growth in Phytophthora capsici.

Metalaxyl is one of the main fungicides used to control pepper blight caused by Phytophthora capsici. Metalaxyl resistance of P. capsici, caused by the long-term intense use of this fungicide, has become one of the most serious challenges facing pest management.

Proteomics Reveals the Mechanism Underlying the Inhibition of by Propyl Gallate.

is a serious soil-borne pathogen, and the major control measures undertaken include the induction of soybean-resistance genes, fungicides, and scientific and reasonable planting management. Owing to the safety and resistance of fungicides, it is of great importance to screen new control alternatives. In a preliminary study, we observed that propyl gallate (PG) exerts a considerable inhibitory effect on and can effectively prevent and cure soybean diseases, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

Correction to: Development of a novel strategy for fungal transformation based on a mutant locus conferring carboxin-resistance in Magnaporthe oryzae.

Following publication of the original article (Guo et al. 2016), the authors of Guo et al. (2016) would like to make a correction for a figure in their published article.

Correction to: MoGrr1, a novel F-box protein, is involved in conidiogenesis and cell wall integrity and is critical for the full virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae.

There is an error in the Original Publication. Two images were mistakenly edited in Fig.6 (panel (a)) and Fig.

Correction to: Pleiotropic roles of O-mannosyltransferase MoPmt4 in development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae.

In the original publication, Fig. 1 panel (b), the photo of MoPmt2-6 was incorrect. The correct Fig.

Characterization of PGRP-S1 from the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata.

Peptidoglycan is the key component forming the backbone of bacterial cell wall. It can be recognized by a group of pattern recognition receptors, known as peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) in insects and higher animals. PGRPs may serve as immune receptors or N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidases (EC 3.

Pleiotropic roles of O-mannosyltransferase MoPmt4 in development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae.

In fungi, O-mannosylation is one type of conserved protein modifications that add the carbohydrate residues to specific residues of target proteins by protein O-mannosyltransferases. Previously, three members of O-mannosyltransferases were identified in Magnaporthe oryzae, with MoPmt2 playing important roles in fungal growth and pathogenicity. However, the biological roles of the rest Pmt proteins remain unclear.

Antimicrobial activities of a proline-rich proprotein from Spodoptera litura.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by the stimulated humoral immune system. Most mature AMPs contain less than 50 amino acid residues. Some of them are generated from proproteins upon microbial challenges.

SsSm1, a Cerato-platanin family protein, is involved in the hyphal development and pathogenic process of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

The filamentous fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an important plant pathogen with a worldwide distribution. It can infect a wide variety of plants, causing serious disease in many types of crops, such as rapeseed, sunflower and soybean. Sclerotinia stem rot caused by this fungus affects main crops and has led to great economic loss.

Immune functions of insect βGRPs and their potential application.

Insects rely completely on the innate immune system to sense the foreign bodies and to mount the immune responses. Germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors play crucial roles in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Among them, β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs) and gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins (GNBPs) belong to the same pattern recognition receptor family, which can recognize β-1,3-glucans.

Cloning and functional analysis of succinate dehydrogenase gene PsSDHA in Phytophthora sojae.

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is one of the key enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and a proven target of fungicides for true fungi. To explore the roles of the SDHA gene in Phytophthora sojae, we first cloned PsSDHA to construct the PsSDHA silenced expression vector pHAM34-PsSDHA, and then utilized PEG to mediate the P. sojae protoplast transformation experiment.

Development of a novel strategy for fungal transformation based on a mutant locus conferring carboxin-resistance in Magnaporthe oryzae.

The accurate manipulation of genomic integration of mutant alleles or fluorescent fusion-protein constructs is necessary for understanding of pathogenic mechanism of Magnaporthe oryzae. Recently, this can be achieved by integrating of exogenous DNA randomly into genome of this pathogen, but ectopic integration may result in alteration of gene expression or gene disruption due to unpredictable position effects and/or disruption of protein-coding regions. In this study, we establish a novel strategy for locus-specific integration of exogenous DNA via carboxin-resistance reconstitution by a point-mutation (H245L) on succinate dehydrogenase subunit Mosdi1.

The Pmt2p-Mediated Protein O-Mannosylation Is Required for Morphogenesis, Adhesive Properties, Cell Wall Integrity and Full Virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae.

Protein O-mannosylation is a type of O-glycosylation that is characterized by the addition of mannose residues to target proteins, and is initially catalyzed by evolutionarily conserved protein O-mannosyltransferases (PMTs). In this study, three members of PMT were identified in Magnaporthe oryzae, and the pathogenic roles of MoPmt2, a member of PMT2 subfamily, were analyzed. We found that MoPmt2 is a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pmt2 and could complement yeast Pmt2 function in resistance to CFW.

The nascent-polypeptide-associated complex alpha subunit regulates the polygalacturonases expression negatively and influences the pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic plant-pathogenic fungus that infects more than 400 species of plants. In this study the nascent polypeptide-associated complex α subunit gene of S. sclerotiorum (SsNACα; accession No.