Hypothyroidism Promotes Microglia M1 Polarization by Inhibiting BDNF-Promoted PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway.

Introduction: Hypothyroidism and its induced neurological-associated disorders greatly affect the health-related quality of patients' life. Meanwhile, microglia in brain have essential regulatory functions on neurodegeneration, but the underlying link between hypothyroidism and microglia function is largely ambiguous.

Methods: We deciphered how hypothyroidism modulates the polarization of microglia by constructing methimazole-induced mice model and checking the expression pattern of biomarkers of microglia M1 polarization.

The role of enteric dysbacteriosis and modulation of gut microbiota in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is globally increasing. This disorder seriously affects the quality of life in patients. Interestingly, studies have detected that the intestinal flora imbalance is a critical factor in the progression of IBD.

Effects of molecular weight of chitosan on anti-inflammatory activity and modulation of intestinal microflora in an ulcerative colitis model.

This study investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of chitosans (CSs) with different molecular weights on ulcerative colitis (UC). Three size classes of CSs (Mw ≤ 3, 50, and 200 kDa) were used in this study. The effect of large CSs (Mw ≤ 200 kDa) on UC was the best, followed by that of medium CSs (Mw ≤ 50 kDa), and that of small CSs (Mw ≤ 3 kDa) was the least in the LPS-induced Raw 264.