Autophagy-related tumor subtypes associated with significant gene expression profiles and immune cell infiltration signatures to reveal the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer.

Autophagy plays an important role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to establish novel autophagy-related tumor subtypes to distinguish the prognosis of NSCLC. In this study, gene expression profiles, mutation data and clinical information obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas.

The role of autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapies.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial pulmonary disease with an extremely poor prognosis. Autophagy is a fundamental intracellular process involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating cell survival. Autophagy deficiency has been shown to play an important role in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis.

Identification of a Five Autophagy Subtype-Related Gene Expression Pattern for Improving the Prognosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Autophagy plays an important role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). In this study, we aimed to explore the autophagy-related gene (ARG) expression pattern and to identify promising autophagy-related biomarkers to improve the prognosis of LUAD. The gene expression profiles and clinical information of LUAD patients were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and validation cohort information was extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus database.

Easy method to determine refractive indices of microspheres and in micro-regions of inhomogeneous media.

We describe an innovative method which can accurately determine the refractive index (RI) of individual microspheres by immersing the microspheres in a medium and analyzing their phase-contrast microscopic images. Compared with the current techniques for microsphere RI measurement, the method has several advantages: it is simple and easy and it cannot only measure the RI of each individual microsphere but also perform measurement simultaneously on all the microspheres in the same field of view. In measurement, microspheres are not required to be suspended in a specific liquid but in any medium with known RI which is appropriate for the microspheres or even just in atmosphere.