Abscisic acid controls sugar accumulation essential to strawberry fruit ripening via the FaRIPK1-FaTCP7-FaSTP13/FaSPT module.

Strawberry is considered as a model plant for studying the ripening of abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated non-climacteric fruits, a process in which sugar plays a fundamental role, while how ABA regulates sugar accumulation remains unclear. This study provides a direct line of physiological, biochemical, and molecular evidence that ABA signaling regulates sugar accumulation via the FaRIPK1-FaTCP7-FaSTP13/FaSPT signaling pathway. Herein, FaRIPK1, a red-initial protein kinase 1 previously identified in strawberry fruit, not only interacted with the transcription factor FaTCP7 (TEOSINTE BRANCHEN 1, CYCLOIDEA, and PCF) but also phosphorylated the critical Ser89 and Thr93 sites of FaTCP7, which negatively regulated strawberry fruit ripening, as evidenced by the transient overexpression (OE) and virus-induced gene silencing transgenic system.

Protein kinase SnRK2.6 phosphorylates transcription factor bHLH3 to regulate anthocyanin homeostasis during strawberry fruit ripening.

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a model plant for studying non-climacteric fruit ripening regulated by abscisic acid (ABA); however, the signaling of ABA in the regulation of fruit coloration is not fully understood. In this study, we identified the transcription factor BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 3 (bHLH3) as being key to fruit coloration via yeast two-hybrid library screening using the bait SUCROSE NONFERMENTING 1 (SNF1)-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2 (SnRK2.6), which is a core ABA signaling component that negatively regulates ripening.

Integrating the multiple functions of CHLH into chloroplast-derived signaling fundamental to plant development and adaptation as well as fruit ripening.

Chlorophyll (Chl)-mediated oxygenic photosynthesis sustains life on Earth. Greening leaves play fundamental roles in plant growth and crop yield, correlating with the idea that more Chls lead to better adaptation. However, they face significant challenges from various unfavorable environments.

A clathrin-related protein FaRRP1/SCD2 integrates ABA trafficking and signaling to regulate strawberry fruit ripening.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a critical regulator for nonclimacteric fruit ripening such as in the model plant of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). Although FaRRP1 is proposed to participate in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of ABA, its action molecular mechanisms in ABA signaling are not fully understood. Here, using our isolated FaRRP1 (ripening-regulation protein) and candidate ABA receptor FaPYL2 and FaABAR from strawberry fruit, a series of silico and molecular interaction analyses demonstrate that they all bind to ABA, and FaRRP1 binds both FaPYL2 and FaABAR; by contrast, the binding affinity of FaRRP1 to FaPYL2 is relatively higher.

Vacuolar Phosphate Transporter1 (VPT1) may transport sugar in response to soluble sugar status of grape fruits.

Vacuolar Phosphate Transporter1 (VPT1)-mediated phosphate uptake in the vacuoles is essential to plant development and fruit ripening. Interestingly, here we find that the VPT1 may transport sugar in response to soluble sugar status of fruits. The VvVPT1 protein isolated from grape () berries was tonoplast-localized and contains SPX (Syg1/Pho81/XPR1) and MFS (major facilitator superfamily) domains.

Deciphering the regulatory network of the NAC transcription factor FvRIF, a key regulator of strawberry (Fragaria vesca) fruit ripening.

The NAC transcription factor ripening inducing factor (RIF) was previously reported to be necessary for the ripening of octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit, but the mechanistic basis of RIF-mediated transcriptional regulation and how RIF activity is modulated remains elusive. Here, we show that FvRIF in diploid strawberry, Fragaria vesca, is a key regulator in the control of fruit ripening and that knockout mutations of FvRIF result in a complete block of fruit ripening. DNA affinity purification sequencing coupled with transcriptome deep sequencing suggests that 2,080 genes are direct targets of FvRIF-mediated regulation, including those related to various aspects of fruit ripening.

The Proteome and Phosphoproteome Uncovers Candidate Proteins Associated With Vacuolar Phosphate Signal Multipled by Vacuolar Phosphate Transporter 1 (VPT1) in Arabidopsis.

Plant vacuoles serve as the primary intracellular compartments for inorganic phosphate (Pi) storage. Passage of Pi across vacuolar membranes plays a critical role in buffering the cytoplasmic Pi level against fluctuations of external Pi and metabolic activities. To gain new insights into the proteins and processes, vacuolar Pi level regulated by vacuolar phosphate transporter 1 (VPT1) in Arabidopsis, we carried out tandem mass tag labeling proteome and phosphoproteome profiling of Arabidopsis WT and vpt1 loss-of-function mutant plants.

The protein kinase FvRIPK1 regulates plant morphogenesis by ABA signaling using seed genetic transformation in strawberry.

A strawberry RIPK1, a leu-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase, is previously demonstrated to be involved in fruit ripening as a positive regulator; however, its role in vegetable growth remains unknown. Here, based on our first establishment of -mediated transformation of germinating seeds in diploid strawberry by /, a reporter gene that functioned in chlorophyll biosynthesis, we got mutants. Downregulation of inhibited plant morphogenesis, showing curled leaves; also, this silencing significantly reduced and transcripts and promoted , , and transcripts.

Characterization of key aroma compounds and regulation mechanism of aroma formation in local Binzi (Malus pumila × Malus asiatica) fruit.

Background: Volatile components are important secondary metabolites essential to fruit aroma quality, thus, in the past decades many studies have been extensively performed in clarifying fruit aroma formation. However, aroma components and biosynthesis in the fruit of Binzi (Malus pumila × Malus asiatica), an old local species with attractive aroma remain unknown.

Results: We investigated two Binzi cultivars, 'Xiangbinzi' (here named high-fragrant Binzi, 'HFBZ') and 'Hulabin' (here named low-fragrant Binzi, 'LFBZ') by monitoring the variation of volatiles and their precursors by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), as well as their related genes by RNA-seq during post-harvest ripening.

Characterization of Abscisic Acid and Ethylene in Regulating the White Blush in Fresh-Cut Carrots.

The surface of fresh-cut carrots is apt to white blush, however the physiological and molecular mechanism for this process is not yet fully understood. In this study, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene separately promoted and inhibited the white-blush formation after three days after treatment, respectively. Metabolome analysis found that white-blush components mainly consist of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin and guaiacyl lignin.

Coronatine Enhances Chilling Tolerance of Tomato Plants by Inducing Chilling-Related Epigenetic Adaptations and Transcriptional Reprogramming.

Low temperature is an important environmental factor limiting the widespread planting of tropical and subtropical crops. The application of plant regulator coronatine, which is an analog of Jasmonic acid (JA), is an effective approach to enhancing crop's resistance to chilling stress and other abiotic stresses. However, the function and mechanism of coronatine in promoting chilling resistance of tomato is unknown.

Two bis-ligand-coordinated Zn(ii)-MOFs for luminescent sensing of ions, antibiotics and pesticides in aqueous solutions.

Two organometallic complexes with two and three-dimensional architectures were constructed by using multiple ligands and Zn(ii) ions: [Zn(BTC)(DTP)(HO)]·(HO) (Zn-1) (BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid and DTP = 3,5-di(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pyridine) and [Zn(NTD)(DTP)] (Zn-2) (NTD = 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid). The as-prepared complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and fluorescence analysis. Fluorescence sensing tests revealed that the two complexes are effective, sensitive and selective toward cationic Fe and anionic MnO and CrO .

Integration of Metabolome and Transcriptome Studies Reveals Flavonoids, Abscisic Acid, and Nitric Oxide Comodulating the Freezing Tolerance in .

is an evergreen perennial ornamental groundcover with a strong freezing tolerance. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the freezing tolerance in remains unclear. In this study, a comprehensive investigation of freezing tolerance was conducted at the levels of physiology and biochemistry, metabolite, and transcript during the stress treatment.

Advances in Mineral Nutrition Transport and Signal Transduction in Rosaceae Fruit Quality and Postharvest Storage.

Mineral nutrition, taken up from the soil or foliar sprayed, plays fundamental roles in plant growth and development. Among of at least 14 mineral elements, the macronutrients nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) and the micronutrient iron (Fe) are essential to Rosaceae fruit yield and quality. Deficiencies in minerals strongly affect metabolism with subsequent impacts on the growth and development of fruit trees.

Update on the Roles of Polyamines in Fleshy Fruit Ripening, Senescence, and Quality.

Ripening of fleshy fruits involves complex physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes that coincide with various changes of the fruit, including texture, color, flavor, and aroma. The processes of ripening are controlled by ethylene in climacteric fruits and abscisic acid (ABA) in non-climacteric fruits. Increasing evidence is also uncovering an essential role for polyamines (PAs) in fruit ripening, especially in climacteric fruits.

The Physiological and Molecular Mechanism of Abscisic Acid in Regulation of Fleshy Fruit Ripening.

The ripening of fleshy fruits is coupled with the degradation of both chlorophyll and cell walls, as well as changes in the metabolism of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, starch/sucrose, and carotenoids. These processes are controlled by phytohormones and other factors, including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, auxin, polyamines, sugar, and reactive oxygen species. The ripening of climacteric fruits is controlled by ethylene and non-climacteric fruit ripening is regulated mainly by ABA.

Fig fruit ripening is regulated by the interaction between ethylene and abscisic acid.

Fleshy fruit ripening is typically regulated by ethylene in climacteric fruits and abscisic acid (ABA) in non-climacteric fruits. Common fig (Ficus carica) shows a dual-ripening mechanism, which is not fully understood. Here, we detected separate peaks of ethylene and ABA in fig fruits at the onset- and on-ripening stages, in conjunction with a sharp rise in glucose and fructose contents.

A Clathrin-Related Protein, SCD2/RRP1, Participates in Abscisic Acid Signaling in .

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays important roles in many aspects of plant growth and development, and responses to diverse stresses. Although much progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of ABA homoeostasis and signaling, the mechanism by which plant cells integrate ABA trafficking and signaling to regulate plant developmental processes is poorly understood. In this study, we used / (/) mutants and overexpression plants, in combination with transcriptome and protein-interaction assays, to investigate SCD2/RRP1 involvement in the integration of ABA trafficking and signaling in seed germination and seedling growth.

Strawberry tonoplast transporter, FaVPT1, controls phosphate accumulation and fruit quality.

Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant growth and development, and the vacuole is an important organelle for phosphate storage. However, the tonoplast phosphate transporter in fleshy fruits remains unknown. In this study, based on the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit transcriptome data, a tonoplast-localized vacuolar phosphate transporter with SPX and major facilitator superfamily domains, FaVPT1, was identified.

Characterization of the hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens) fruit ripening regulated by ethylene and ABA.

Background: Ripening of fleshy fruits has been classically defined as climacteric or non-climacteric. Both types of ripening are controlled by plant hormones, notably by ethylene in climacteric ripening and by abscisic acid (ABA) in non-climacteric ripening. In pepper (Capsicum), fruit ripening has been widely classified as non-climacteric, but the ripening of the hot pepper fruit appears to be climacteric.

Polyamines Regulate Strawberry Fruit Ripening by Abscisic Acid, Auxin, and Ethylene.

Polyamines (PAs) participate in many plant growth and developmental processes, including fruit ripening. However, it is not clear whether PAs play a role in the ripening of strawberry (), a model nonclimacteric plant. Here, we found that the content of the PA spermine (Spm) increased more sharply after the onset of fruit coloration than did that of the PAs putrescine (Put) or spermidine (Spd).

A leu-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase, FaRIPK1, interacts with the ABA receptor, FaABAR, to regulate fruit ripening in strawberry.

Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) is a model plant for studying non-climacteric fruit ripening regulated by abscisic acid (ABA); however, its exact molecular mechanisms are yet not fully understood. In this study, a predicted leu-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinase in strawberry, red-initial protein kinase 1 (FaRIPK1), was screened and, using a yeast two-hybrid assay, was shown to interact with a putative ABA receptor, FaABAR. This association was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays, and shown to occur in the nucleus.

Transcriptome analysis around the onset of strawberry fruit ripening uncovers an important role of oxidative phosphorylation in ripening.

Although much progress has been made towards understanding the ripening of non-climacteric fruit using the strawberry as a model plant, the defined molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, RNA-sequencing was performed using four cDNA libraries around the onset of ripening, and a total of 31,793 unigenes and 335 pathways were annotated including the top five pathways, which were involved in ribosome, spliceosome, protein processing, plant-pathogen interaction and plant hormone signaling, and the important DEGs related to ripening were annotated to be mainly involved in protein translation and processing, sugar metabolism, energy metabolism, phytohormones, antioxidation, pigment and softening, especially finding a decreased trend of oxidative phosphorylation during red-coloring. VIGS-mediated downregulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase gene PDHE1α, a key gene for glycolysis-derived oxidative phosphorylation, could inhibit respiration and ATP biosynthesis, whilst promote the accumulation of sugar, ABA, ETH, and PA, ultimately accelerating the ripening.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Expression of WRKY Family Genes in Different Developmental Stages of Wild Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Fruit.

WRKY proteins play important regulatory roles in plant developmental processes such as senescence, trichome initiation and embryo morphogenesis. In strawberry, only FaWRKY1 (Fragaria × ananassa) has been characterized, leaving numerous WRKY genes to be identified and their function characterized. The publication of the draft genome sequence of the strawberry genome allowed us to conduct a genome-wide search for WRKY proteins in Fragaria vesca, and to compare the identified proteins with their homologs in model plants.

Type 2C protein phosphatase ABI1 is a negative regulator of strawberry fruit ripening.

Although a great deal of progress has been made toward understanding the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in fruit ripening, many components in the ABA signalling pathway remain to be elucidated. Here, a strawberry gene homologous to the Arabidopsis gene ABI1, named FaABI1, was isolated and characterized. The 1641bp cDNA includes an intact open reading frame that encodes a deduced protein of 546 amino acids, in which putative conserved domains were determined by homology analysis.