Cured HCV patients with suboptimal hepatitis B vaccine response exhibit high self-reactive immune signatures.

Background And Rationale: Chronic HCV infection induces lasting effects on the immune system despite viral clearance. It is unclear whether certain immune alterations are associated with vaccine responses in cured HCV patients.

Approach: Thirteen cured HCV patients received the standard 3-dose hepatitis B vaccine and were followed up at the 0, 1st, 6th, and 7th months (M0, M1, M6, and M7) after the first dose of vaccination.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals intrahepatic and peripheral immune characteristics related to disease phases in HBV-infected patients.

Objective: A comprehensive immune landscape for HBV infection is pivotal to achieve HBV cure.

Design: We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of 2 43 000 cells from 46 paired liver and blood samples of 23 individuals, including six immune tolerant, 5 immune active (IA), 3 acute recovery (AR), 3 chronic resolved and 6 HBV-free healthy controls (HCs). Flow cytometry and histological assays were applied in a second HBV cohort for validation.