dbPTM 2025 update: comprehensive integration of PTMs and proteomic data for advanced insights into cancer research.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for modulating protein function and influencing stability, activity and signaling processes. The dbPTM 2025 update significantly expands the database to include over 2.79 million PTM sites, of which 2.

Photochemistry of Bacteriorhodopsin with Various Oligomeric Statuses in Controlled Membrane Mimicking Environments: A Spectroscopic Study from Femtoseconds to Milliseconds.

Preparing transmembrane protein in controllable lipid bilayers is essential for unravelling the coupling of the environments and its dynamic functions. Monomerized bacteriorhodopsin (mbR) embedded in covalently circularized nanodiscs was prepared with dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) lipid and circular membrane scaffold proteins of two different sizes, cE3D1 and cΔ H5, respectively. The retinal photoisomerization kinetics and thermodynamic photocycle were examined by femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption, respectively, covering the time scale from femtoseconds to hundreds of milliseconds.