Proteomic Analysis of Urothelium of Rats with Detrusor Overactivity Induced by Bladder Outlet Obstruction.

verctive ladder (OAB) syndrome is a condition that has four symptoms: urgency, urinary frequency, nocturia, and urge incontinence and negatively affects a patient's life. Recently, it is considered that the urinary bladder urothelium is closely linked to pathogenesis of OAB. However, the mechanisms of pathogenesis of OAB at the molecular level remain poorly understood, mainly because of lack of modern molecular analysis.

Bifunctional Therapeutic High-Valence Silver-Pyridoxine Nanoparticles with Proliferative and Antibacterial Wound-Healing Activities.

The antibacterial and moisturizing effects inherent to silver nanoparticles contribute greatly to their use as a topical antibacterial agent. The antibacterial property of silver nanoparticles provides topical wounds with an indirect environment for healing through the prevention of pathogenic infection. However, the direct wound-healing effects of silver nanoparticles have not been previously explored.

Shape-Dependent Skin Penetration of Silver Nanoparticles: Does It Really Matter?

Advancements in nano-structured materials have facilitated several applications of nanoparticles (NPs). Skin penetration of NPs is a crucial factor for designing suitable topical antibacterial agents with low systemic toxicity. Available reports focus on size-dependent skin penetration of NPs, mainly through follicular pathways.

Early stage high-content HIV diagnosis based on concurrent monitoring of actin cytoskeleton, CD3, CD4, and CD8.

Antiretroviral treatment can reduce the death rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and its effectiveness is maximized at the early stage of HIV infection. The present study demonstrates an early stage high-content HIV diagnosis based on multicolor concurrent monitoring of CD4, CD8, and CD3 coreceptors and F-actin cytoskeleton using quantum dot (Qdot)-antibody conjugates at the single cell level. Artificial HIV infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was achieved by the treatment of PBMCs with gp120 glycoproteins.

Real-time concurrent monitoring of apoptosis, cytosolic calcium, and mitochondria permeability transition for hypermulticolor high-content screening of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated hepatotoxicity.

A quantitative high-content screening (HCS) was suggested for the real-time monitoring of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated hepatotoxicity. This HCS is very advantageous in that it allows simultaneous observation of drug-induced activations of hepatotoxic pathways using hypermulticolor cellular imaging. The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), cytosolic calcium, and caspase-3 were selected as functional markers to verify drug-induced hepatotoxicity and were concurrently monitored in HepG2 cells in a real-time manner.

Interaction of two translational components, lysyl-tRNA synthetase and p40/37LRP, in plasma membrane promotes laminin-dependent cell migration.

Although human lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KRS), an enzyme for protein synthesis, is often highly expressed in various cancer cells, its pathophysiological implications have not been understood. Here we found that KRS induces cancer cell migration through interaction with the 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR) that is converted from ribosomal subunit p40. On laminin signal, KRS was phosphorylated at the T52 residue by p38MAPK and dissociated from the cytosolic multi-tRNA synthetase complex for membrane translocation.

Highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction-free quantum dot-based quantification of forensic genomic DNA.

Forensic DNA samples can degrade easily due to exposure to light and moisture at the crime scene. In addition, the amount of DNA acquired at a criminal site is inherently limited. This limited amount of human DNA has to be quantified accurately after the process of DNA extraction.

Knock-down of argonaute 2 (AGO2) induces apoptosis in myeloid leukaemia cells and inhibits siRNA-mediated silencing of transfected oncogenes in HEK-293 cells.

Understanding the role of oncomirs allows new insights into the development of modern therapeutic approaches for the repression of multiple oncomirs in cancer cells. At present, no suitable approach is available to repress the development of multiple oncomirs in cancer cells. Herein, we report that argonaute 2 (AGO2) could be a unique molecule to regulate the development of multiple oncomirs in cancer cells.

VEGF inhibitor (Iressa) arrests histone deacetylase expression: single-cell cotransfection imaging cytometry for multi-target-multi-drug analysis.

Multi-target-multi-drug approaches are needed to accelerate the process of drug discovery screening and to design efficient therapeutic strategies against diseases that involve alterations in multiple cellular targets. Herein we report single-cell cotransfection imaging cytometry to quantitatively screen drug-induced off-target effects. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) genes amplified from the genomic DNA were cloned in fluorescently tagged gene constructs (RFP-HDAC/YFP-VEGF).

Determination of UV-induced DNA damages to suppress protein expression using reporter gene assay-based single cell cotransfection imaging cytometry.

Effects of UVB or UVC-induced DNA damage were simultaneously monitored at single cellular level by analyzing the change of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and red fluorescent protein (RFP) expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells using multicolor single-cell imaging cytometry. The method is based on the idea that there exists a quantitative correlation between the degree of UV-induced DNA damage and protein expression. A cotransfection assay was performed using UVB irradiated YFP and UVC irradiated RFP genes to eliminate cell-to-cell variation in protein expression yield.

Simultaneous quantitative monitoring of drug-induced caspase cascade pathways in carcinoma cells.

Caspases are the key mediators of apoptosis. The caspase cascade includes a series of events leading to the activation of initiator and downstream caspases in a cell. Analysis of the caspase cascade in intact cells, however, has generally been limited as the simultaneous monitoring of upstream and downstream caspases is not well executed.

Synthesis of highly antibacterial nanocrystalline trivalent silver polydiguanide.

Highly monodispersed nanoparticles of a trivalent silver polydiguanide complex are synthesized by oxidation of the monovalent silver, followed by stabilization of the oxidized higher-valent metal through complexation with a polydiguanide ligand in a reverse microemulsion at room temperature. The synthesized nanoparticles have excellent photostability and displayed superior antibacterial activity toward Gram-positive and Gram-negative prokaryotes of clinical interest in vitro compared to silver sulfadiazine. These nanoparticles may serve as a new generation antibacterial metallopharmaceutical in wound care.

Nanocrystalline silver supported on activated carbon matrix from hydrosol: antibacterial mechanism under prolonged incubation conditions.

Nanocrystalline Silver-supported activated carbon (AC) was fabricated by directly loading silver nanoparticles into the porous AC matrix from a preformed nanosilver hydrosol. Silver-AC composites were also synthesized using a conventional thermal impregnation method. While XRD calculation indicated the presence of Ag crystallites in nanometer range, silver nanoparticle hydrosol-treated AC having the finest crystallite size CS (< 14.

Interdigitated microelectrode array-coupled bipolar semiconductor photodiode array (IMEA-PDA) microchip for on-chip electrochemiluminescence detection.

This paper reports the design, fabrication and testing of a microchip wherein interdigitated microelectrode arrays (IMEA) were integrated with bipolar semiconductor photodiode array (PDA) chip to fabricate a highly compact embodiment for on-chip handling of solutions and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection. A 12 x 12 micro array of photodiodes, each coupled with an interdigitated microelectrode array (IMEA), an array of current amplifiers, and a photodiode element-addressing circuit were integrated into a single 2 x 2 cm² IC chip. Each photodiode had dimensions of 300 x 300 μm² and the photodiode-to-photodiode distance was 100 μm.

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a direct biosensor for mutation detection: elimination of false-negative errors in target gene expression.

A new method was developed to determine the mutagenic efficacy of a suspected mutagen by employing green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a direct biosensor for mutation detection. Alterations in target gene (AcGFP1) expression after mutagen [(+/-)-7p,8a-dihydroxy-9a,10a-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE)] treatment were measured to detect the mutagenic efficacy of the carcinogen. In contrast to mutagen treatment of the entire plasmid or cell culture, the target AcGFP1gene devoid of the plasmid backbone was exposed to BPDE (10-500 microM) to eliminate the need for an additional fusion gene.

Determination of the dose-depth distribution of proton beam using resazurin assay in vitro and diode laser-induced fluorescence detection.

In this study the dose-depth distribution pattern of proton beams was investigated by inactivation of human cells exposed to high-LET (linear energy transfer) protons. The proton beams accelerated up to 45 MeV were horizontally extracted from the cyclotron, and were delivered to the cells acutely through a home made prototype over a range of physical depths (in the form of a variable water column). The biological systems used here were two in vitro cell lines, including human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293), and human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7).

Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle? A study of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli.

In this work we investigated the antibacterial properties of differently shaped silver nanoparticles against the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, both in liquid systems and on agar plates. Energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy images revealed considerable changes in the cell membranes upon treatment, resulting in cell death. Truncated triangular silver nanoplates with a {111} lattice plane as the basal plane displayed the strongest biocidal action, compared with spherical and rod-shaped nanoparticles and with Ag(+) (in the form of AgNO(3)).