Clozapine treatment continues to be recognized as the gold standard for managing treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Combining clozapine with other antipsychotics (i.e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBipolar disorder is a complex mental illness. Pharmacological therapy, including antipsychotics and mood stabilizers, is the primary treatment approach for manic episode. The study aimed to analyze prescribing patterns over a 14-year period for patients with bipolar mania discharged from a psychiatric hospital in Taiwan.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn this work, the hemocompatibility of polyampholyte copolymers from the mixed-charge copolymerization of negatively charged 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate (SA) and positively charged [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium (TMA) was studied. Charge-bias variation of the prepared poly(SA-co-TMA) copolymers can be controlled using the regulated SA and TMA monomer ratio via homogeneous free radical copolymerization. A systematic study of how charge-bias variations in poly(SA-co-TMA) copolymers affect the hemocompatibility in human blood plasma was reported.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF"Schizophrenic" diblock copolymers containing nonionic and zwitterionic blocks were prepared with well-controlled molecular weights via atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). In this work, we report a systematic study of how morphological changes of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PNIPAAm-b-PSBMA) copolymers affect hemocompatibility in human blood solution. The "schizophrenic" behavior of PNIPAAm-b-PSBMA was observed by (1)H NMR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and turbidity measurement with double morphological transition, exhibiting both lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and upper critical solution temperature (UCST) in aqueous solution.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn this work, bioadhesive behavior of plasma proteins and blood cells from umbilical cord blood (UCB) onto zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (polySBMA) polymer brushes was studied. The surface coverage of polySBMA brushes on a hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) well plate with surface grafting weights ranging from 0.02 mg/cm(2) to 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn this work, the hemocompatibility of PEGylated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microporous membranes with varying grafting coverage and structures via plasma-induced surface PEGylation was studied. Network-like and brush-like PEGylated layers on PVDF membrane surfaces were achieved by low-pressure and atmospheric plasma treatment. The chemical composition, physical morphology, grafting structure, surface hydrophilicity, and hydration capability of prepared membranes were determined to illustrate the correlations between grafting qualities and hemocompatibility of PEGylated PVDF membranes in contact with human blood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDevelopment of nonfouling membranes to prevent nonspecific protein adsorption and platelet adhesion is critical for many biomedical applications. It is always a challenge to control the surface graft copolymerization of a highly polar monomer from the highly hydrophobic surface of a fluoropolymer membrane. In this work, the blood compatibility of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes with surface-grafted electrically neutral zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA), from atmospheric plasma-induced surface copolymerization, was studied.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMultiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with poly(sulfone) (PSF) and poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) (MWNT-PSF/PSBMA) have been prepared through sequential atom transfer radical polymerization. The structure of MWNT-PSF/PSBMA hybrid has been characterized with FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Incorporation of PSBMA chains to MWNTs introduces amphiphilic and protein-resistant properties to MWNT-PSF/PSBMA.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThis work describes a tunable blood compatibility of zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (polySBMA) polymers at a wide range of high molecular weights from 50 kDa to 300 kDa controlled with a similar polydispersity via homogeneous free-radical polymerization. The control of molecular weights of polySBMA highly regulates the zwitterionic nonfouling nature to resist the adsorption of plasma proteins, the coagulant of human plasma, and the hemolysis of red blood cells. In this study, the upper critical solution temperatures (UCSTs) and hydrodynamic size of prepared polymers are determined to illustrate the correlations between intermolecular zwitterionic associations and blood compatibility of polySBMA suspension in human blood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThis work describes a novel tunable bioadhesive hydrogel of thermoresponsive N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) containing zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA). This novel hydrogel highly regulates general bioadhesive foulants through the adsorption of plasma proteins, the adhesion of human platelets and cells, and the attachment of bacteria. In this investigation, nonionic hydrogels of polyNIPAAm, zwitterionic hydrogels of polySBMA, and three copolymeric hydrogels of NIPAAm and SBMA (poly(NIPAAm-co-SBMA)) were prepared.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn this work, the hemocompatibility of a sulfobetaine-like copolymer brush resulting from a mixed-charge copolymerization of the positively charged 11-mercapto-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (TMA) and negatively charged 11-mercaptoundecylsulfonic acid (SA) was studied. Mixed charge distribution in the prepared poly(TMA-co-SA) copolymer brushes was controlled by the regulation of the reaction rate of the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The adsorption behavior of plasma proteins on a surface grafted with poly(TMA-co-SA) was measured by a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThermoresponsive statistical copolymers of zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and nonionic N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) were prepared with an average molecular weight of about 6.0 kDa via homogeneous free radical copolymerization. The aqueous solution properties of poly(SBMA-co-NIPAAm) were measured using a UV--visible spectrophotometer.
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