Amitriptyline preserves morphine's antinociceptive effect by regulating the glutamate transporter GLAST and GLT-1 trafficking and excitatory amino acids concentration in morphine-tolerant rats.

The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of amitriptyline on the antinociceptive effect of morphine and its underlying mechanisms in regulating glutamate transporters trafficking in morphine-tolerant rats. Long-term morphine infusion induced antinociceptive tolerance and down-regulation of glutamate transporters (GTs), GLAST, GLT-1, and EAAC1, expression in the rat spinal cord dorsal horn. Acute amitriptyline treatment potentiated morphine's antinociceptive effect, with a 5.

Amitriptyline suppresses neuroinflammation and up-regulates glutamate transporters in morphine-tolerant rats.

The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline on morphine tolerance in rats. Male Wistar rats were implanted with two intrathecal (i.t.

[A primary exploration of nursing practicum during epidemics of major contagious diseases].

The purpose of this article was to investigate the issues related to nursing students' clinical practicum when severe contagious diseases occur. Based on the concept that patient-benefit must come first, the authors suggested that nursing students should remain on duty even if there were an outbreak of a severe contagious disease. The authors also discussed relevant issues in terms of professional roles and the safety of the learning environment.

Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines regulate the recovery from sublethal X irradiation in rat thymus.

We investigated the regeneration of rat thymus after sublethal X irradiation (6 Gy). The number of thymocytes was much lower on day 3 after irradiation, and many apoptotic cells were observed. However, by day 5, there had been a rapid proliferation of thymocytes.