Long-range inhibition from prelimbic to cingulate areas of the medial prefrontal cortex enhances network activity and response execution.

It is well established that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) exerts top-down control of many behaviors, but little is known regarding how cross-talk between distinct areas of the mPFC influences top-down signaling. We performed virus-mediated tracing and functional studies in male mice, homing in on GABAergic projections whose axons are located mainly in layer 1 and that connect two areas of the mPFC, namely the prelimbic area (PrL) with the cingulate area 1 and 2 (Cg1/2). We revealed the identity of the targeted neurons that comprise two distinct types of layer 1 GABAergic interneurons, namely single-bouquet cells (SBCs) and neurogliaform cells (NGFs), and propose that this connectivity links GABAergic projection neurons with cortical canonical circuits.

MYT1L haploinsufficiency in human neurons and mice causes autism-associated phenotypes that can be reversed by genetic and pharmacologic intervention.

MYT1L is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-associated transcription factor that is expressed in virtually all neurons throughout life. How MYT1L mutations cause neurological phenotypes and whether they can be targeted remains enigmatic. Here, we examine the effects of MYT1L deficiency in human neurons and mice.

Medial entorhinal cortex commissural input regulates the activity of spatially and object-tuned cells contributing to episodic memory.

Extensive interhemispheric projections connect many homotopic brain regions, including the hippocampal formation, but little is known as to how information transfer affects the functions supported by the target area. Here, we studied whether the commissural projections connecting the medial entorhinal cortices contribute to spatial coding, object coding, and memory. We demonstrate that input from the contralateral medial entorhinal cortex targets all major cell types in the superficial medial entorhinal cortex, modulating their firing rate.

Diazepam binding inhibitor governs neurogenesis of excitatory and inhibitory neurons during embryonic development via GABA signaling.

Of the neurotransmitters that influence neurogenesis, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an outstanding role, and GABA receptors support non-synaptic signaling in progenitors and migrating neurons. Here, we report that expression levels of diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI), an endozepine that modulates GABA signaling, regulate embryonic neurogenesis, affecting the long-term outcome regarding the number of neurons in the postnatal mouse brain. We demonstrate that DBI is highly expressed in radial glia and intermediate progenitor cells in the germinal zones of the embryonic mouse brain that give rise to excitatory and inhibitory cells.

Dianthi herba: a comprehensive review of its botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacology.

Dianthi herba (called "Qumai" in Chinese) is the dried aerial part of Dianthus superbus L. and Dianthus chinensis L. The species are mainly distributed in the temperate and warm temperate regions in the northern hemisphere, and some regions in Africa and Oceania, as well as South America.

Synthesis of Dialkyl-Substituted Monofluoroalkenes via Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Alkyl Carbagermatranes.

An unprecedented cross-coupling reaction of alkyl carbagermatranes with bromofluoroolefins to deliver dialkyl-substituted monofluoroalkenes was achieved. This cross-coupling reaction was performed under base/additive-free conditions with excellent functional group tolerance, therefore offering an opportunity for challenging dialkyl-substituted monofluoroalkenes. The preparation of bioactive agent analogues including an antitubercular agent mimic and a COX-2 inhibitor analogue and the late-stage fluoroalkenylation of drug-molecule derivatives proved the utility of this strategy.

Gene Expression, Network Analysis, and Drug Discovery of Neurofibromatosis Type 2-Associated Vestibular Schwannomas Based on Bioinformatics Analysis.

Neurofibromatosis Type 2- (NF2-) associated vestibular schwannomas (VSs) are histologically benign tumors. This study aimed to determine disease-related genes, pathways, and potential therapeutic drugs associated with NF2-VSs using the bioinformatics method. Microarray data of GSE108524 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using GEO2R.

Efficacy of Modified Qufeng Runmian Powder () on Acne Vulgaris with Syndromes of Dampness and Blood Stasis: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a Chinese medicine (CM) Modified Qufeng Runmian Powder (, MQFRMP) for the treatment of acne vulgaris with CM syndromes of dampness and blood stasis.

Methods: In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 220 acne vulgaris patients with CM syndrome of dampness and blood stasis were included and randomly assigned using a central area group random design to receive either MQFRMP or the placebo, with 110 cases in each group. MQFRMP or a placebo at 145 g/bag were administered once daily for 4 weeks, respectively.

Relationship between alcohol use, blood pressure and hypertension: an association study and a Mendelian randomisation study.

Background: Past studies have found a strong relationship between alcohol drinking and human health.

Methods: In this study, we first tested the association of rs671 with alcohol use in 2349 participants in southeast China. We then evaluated the causal impact between alcohol use and cardiovascular traits through a Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis.

Enhanced Na -K -2Cl cotransporter 1 underlies motor dysfunction in huntington's disease.

Background: Altered γ-aminobutyric acid signaling is believed to disrupt the excitation/inhibition balance in the striatum, which may account for the motor symptoms of Huntington's disease. Na-K-2Cl cotransporter-1 is a key molecule that controls γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic signaling. However, the role of Na-K-2Cl cotransporter-1 and efficacy of γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic transmission remain unknown in Huntington's disease.

Design, Synthesis, and Herbicidal Activity of Pyrimidine-Biphenyl Hybrids as Novel Acetohydroxyacid Synthase Inhibitors.

The issue of weed resistance to acetohydroxyacid synthase (EC 2.2.1.

Discovery of New 2-[(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxy]-6-(substituted phenoxy)benzoic Acids as Flexible Inhibitors of Arabidopsis thaliana Acetohydroxyacid Synthase and Its P197L Mutant.

In the search for new antiresistance acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, EC 2.2.1.

Computational design of novel inhibitors to overcome weed resistance associated with acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) P197L mutant.

Backgound: Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; EC 2.2.1.

Revisiting the Lamotrigine-Mediated Effect on Hippocampal GABAergic Transmission.

Lamotrigine (LTG) is generally considered as a voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel blocker. However, recent studies suggest that LTG can also serve as a hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel enhancer and can increase the excitability of GABAergic interneurons (INs). Perisomatic inhibitory INs, predominantly fast-spiking basket cells (BCs), powerfully inhibit granule cells (GCs) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.

Triazolopyrimidines as a New Herbicidal Lead for Combating Weed Resistance Associated with Acetohydroxyacid Synthase Mutation.

Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS; also known as acetolactate synthase; EC 2.2.1.

G206D Mutation of Presenilin-1 Reduces Pen2 Interaction, Increases Aβ42/Aβ40 Ratio and Elevates ER Ca(2+) Accumulation.

Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is most commonly associated with the mutations in presenilin-1 (PS1). PS1 is the catalytic component of the γ-secretase complex, which cleaves amyloid precursor protein to produce amyloid-β (Aβ), the major cause of AD. Presenilin enhancer 2 (Pen2) is critical for activating γ-secretase and exporting PS1 from endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Rapid dynamic changes of dendritic inhibition in the dentate gyrus by presynaptic activity patterns.

The dentate gyrus (DG) serves as a primary gate to control information transfer from the cortex to the hippocampus. Activation of incoming cortical inputs results in rapid synaptic excitation followed by slow GABA-mediated (GABAergic) synaptic inhibition onto DG granule cells (GCs). GABAergic inhibitory interneurons (INs) in the DG comprise fast-spiking (FS) and non-fast-spiking (non-FS) cells.

Specific Link between Lung and Large Intestine: A New Perspective on Neuropeptide Secretion in Lung with Herbal Laxative Stimulation.

Background. To investigate the specific link between lung and large intestine. Methods.

Mutations in KCND3 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 22.

Objective: To identify the causative gene in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 22, an autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia mapped to chromosome 1p21-q23.

Methods: We previously characterized a large Chinese family with progressive ataxia designated SCA22, which overlaps with the locus of SCA19. The disease locus in a French family and an Ashkenazi Jewish American family was also mapped to this region.

GABA is depolarizing in hippocampal dentate granule cells of the adolescent and adult rats.

GABAergic signaling in hippocampal pyramidal neurons undergoes a switch from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing during early neuronal development. Whether such a transformation of GABAergic action occurs in dentate granule cells (DGCs), located at the first stage of the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit, is unclear. Here, we use noninvasive extracellular recording to monitor the effect of synaptically released GABA on the DGC population.

High-density expression of Ca2+-permeable ASIC1a channels in NG2 glia of rat hippocampus.

NG2 cells, a fourth type of glial cell in the mammalian CNS, undergo reactive changes in response to a wide variety of brain insults. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuronally expressed acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are implicated in various neurological disorders including brain ischemia and seizures. Acidosis is a common feature of acute neurological conditions.

Syntheses and herbicidal activity of new triazolopyrimidine-2-sulfonamides as acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibitor.

The triazolopyrimidine-2-sulfonanilide, discovered from preparing bioisosteres of the sulfonylurea herbicides, is an important class of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, EC 4.1.3.