Autoimmune manifestations of CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency in two patients of Southeast Asian ethnicity.

We report 2 patients who first developed cutaneous manifestations, followed by autoimmune phenomena, infections, and hypogammaglobulinemia. They were initially diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency; however, the diagnosis was revised to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 haploinsufficiency after genetic and functional testing.

Pneumonia surveillance and its attendant clinical risk stratification for COVID-19 in low-risk patients.

Objectives: The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 in the context of a secondary pneumonia surveillance program targeted at low-risk patients and to identify clinical characteristics associated with COVID-19.

Study Design: This study design is a retrospective cohort study.

Methods: This study is conducted in Tan Tock Seng Hospital, a University affiliated 1600-bed public hospital in Singapore.