Comparison of postoperative pain control methods after bony surgery in the foot and ankle.

Background: We performed a prospective study to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of postoperative pain control methods after bone surgery in the foot and ankle.

Methods: Among the patients who underwent foot and ankle surgery from June 2014 to September 2015 with an ultrasound-guided nerve block, 84 patients who fully completed a postoperative pain survey were enrolled. An opioid patch (fentanyl patch, 25mg) was applied in group A (30 patients).

Is It "In" or "Out"? The Optimal Fluoroscopic Views for Intraoperative Determination of Proper Lateral Mass Screw Placement.

Study Design: Cadaveric.

Objective: Determine optimal fluoroscopic views for detecting cervical lateral mass screw (LMS) violations.

Summary Of Background Data: Single plane intraoperative x-rays are commonly used but frequently inadequate due to its complex trajectory.

Frequent Genetic Defects in the HIV-1 5' LTR/gag Gene in Hemophiliacs Treated with Korean Red Ginseng: Decreased Detection of Genetic Defects by Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.

We investigated whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) affect the frequency of gross deletion in 5'LTR/gag in 20 hemophiliacs. This study is a prospective study in 20 hemophiliacs who were infected with Korean subclade B of HIV-1 from two cash-paid plasma donors in 1990. Over a 13-year period, we obtained 436 amplicons of 5'LTR/gag genes by nested polymerase chain reaction using 147 peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Phylogenetic analysis of full-length pol gene from Korean hemophiliacs and plasma donors infected with Korean subclade B of HIV type 1.

There was an outbreak of HIV-1 transmission among 20 out of 122 Korean hemophiliacs from 1990. We assessed the genetic relationships among HIV-1 viruses found in three cash-paid plasma donors whose preseroconversion plasma was used to produce Korean-made clotting factor, 20 hemophiliacs infected with HIV-1 in Korea, three hemophiliacs infected with HIV-1 from clotting factor manufactured outside Korea, and 71 local control patients infected with the Korean subclade of HIV-1 subtype B (KSB). Full-length pol gene sequences (2841 bp) of viruses from frozen stored serum, samples obtained 1-3 years after diagnosis, were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced by direct DNA sequencing.

Beneficial effects of a combination of Korean red ginseng and highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients.

To determine whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) has beneficial effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients administered highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we analyzed the CD4 T-cell count, viral load, and resistance mutations to HAART in 46 individuals. Thirteen patients harbored resistance mutations at baseline. The study population was divided into two groups: specifically, a group treated with a combination of HAART plus KRG (23 patients) and a group treated with HAART alone (23 patients).

High frequency of gross deletions in 5' LTR/gag and nef genes in patients infected with CRF02_AG of HIV type 1 who survived for over 20 years: an association with Korean red ginseng.

Abstract We have shown that Korean red ginseng (KRG) intake is associated with gross deletions in the 5' LTR/gag (gDeltaLTR/gag) and nef genes (gDeltanef) of patients infected with subtype B of HIV-1. Here, we investigated these effects in three long-term survivors (LTSs) of subtype CRF02_AG of HIV-1. The three LTSs were diagnosed with HIV in 1987, 1988, and 1989, and have been treated with KRG for 7-15 years.

High frequency of gross deletions in the 5' LTR and gag regions in HIV type 1-infected long-term survivors treated with Korean red ginseng.

Our previous studies have shown that gross deletions in the nef gene as well as slow decreases in CD4 T cell numbers are associated with Korean red ginseng (KRG) intake in HIV-1-infected patients. To determine whether there might be an association between KRG intake and occurrence of gross deletions (gDelta) in the 5' LTR and gag regions, we examined the 1125 base pair (bp) sequences encompassing these regions in 10 long-term survivors (LTSs) treated with KRG (total of 13,364 +/- 5364 g) for > 12 years, and in 8 LTS control patients with no or minimal (total of 1436 +/- 1027 g) KRG intake (LTS controls). In the 10 LTSs, 189 PCR products were obtained from 80 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples.