Modulation of caspase-3 gene expression and protective effects of garlic and spirulina against CNS neurotoxicity induced by lead exposure in male rats.

Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant with worldwide health problems. The present study was designed to investigate the neurotoxic effects of Pb in albino rats and to evaluate the ameliorative role of garlic as well as Spirulina maxima against such toxic effects. Forty adult male rats were used in this investigation (10 rats/group).

Ameliorative effects of Spirulina maxima and Allium sativum on lead acetate-induced testicular injury in male albino rats with respect to caspase-3 gene expression.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effects of Allium sativum (garlic) as well as Spirulina maxima on lead acetate toxicity in rat testes. Forty adult, male, albino rats were divided into four groups (10 rats/each): group I served as the control; group II contained rats that received lead acetate (100 mg/kg); group III contained rats that received both lead acetate (100 mg/kg) and garlic (600 mg/kg); and group IV contained rats that received both lead acetate (100 mg/kg) and spirulina (500 mg/kg). All treatments were performed daily for one month.

Tobacco use among Palestine refugee students (UNRWA) aged 13-15.

Objective: The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) has made tobacco use prevention a primary health issue. UNRWA provides education, health, relief and social services in five fields of operation: Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Gaza Strip and the West Bank. The purpose of this paper is to compare tobacco use among Palestine refugee students and students in the general population of the five fields of operation.