3-keto-DON, but Not 3--DON, Retains the Toxicological Potential after the Enzymatic Biotransformation of Deoxynivalenol.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary fungal metabolite that is associated with many adverse toxicological effects in agriculture as well as human/animal nutrition. Bioremediation efforts in recent years have led to the discovery of numerous bacterial isolates that can transform DON to less toxic derivatives. Both 3-keto-DON and 3--DON were recently shown to exhibit reduced toxicity, compared to DON, when tested using different cell lines and mammalian models.

Challenges Associated With the Formation of Recombinant Protein Inclusion Bodies in and Strategies to Address Them for Industrial Applications.

Recombinant proteins are becoming increasingly important for industrial applications, where is the most widely used bacterial host for their production. However, the formation of inclusion bodies is a frequently encountered challenge for producing soluble and functional recombinant proteins. To overcome this hurdle, different strategies have been developed through adjusting growth conditions, engineering host strains of , altering expression vectors, and modifying the proteins of interest.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Absorption of Aglycone and Glycosidic Flavonoids in a Caco-2 BBe1 Cell Model.

The mechanisms of cellular absorption and transport underlying the differences between flavonoid aglycones and glycosides and the effect of the structural feature are not well established. In this study, aglycone, mono-, and diglycosides of quercetin and cyanidin were selected to examine the effects of the structural feature on the bioavailability of flavonoids using hexose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 in a Caco-2 BBe1 cell model. Cellular uptake and transport of all glycosides were significantly different.

Understanding the Bacterial Response to Mycotoxins: The Transcriptomic Analysis of Deoxynivalenol-Induced Changes in 17-2-E-8.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major fusarium toxin widely detected in cereal grains. The inadvertent exposure to this fungal secondary-metabolite gives rise to a myriad of adverse health effects including appetite loss, emesis, and suppression of the immune system. While most of the attention this mycotoxin has gained in the past four decades was related to its eukaryotic toxicity (monogastric animals and plants more precisely), recent studies have begun to reveal its negative influence on prokaryotes.

Grape Pomace as a Promising Antimicrobial Alternative in Feed: A Critical Review.

Antimicrobial resistance is among the most urgent global challenges facing sustainable animal production systems. The use of antibiotics as growth promoters and for infectious disease prevention in intensive animal-farming practices has translated into the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes in an unprecedented fashion. Several multi-resistant bacterial strains have been isolated from food-producing animals, thus constituting an alarming food-safety issue.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Different Astaxanthin Isomers and the Roles of Lipid Transporters in the Cellular Transport of Astaxanthin Isomers in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers.

The anti-inflammatory effects and cellular transport mechanisms of all- E-astaxanthin and its 9Z- and 13Z-isomers were investigated in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. All three astaxanthin isomers at 1.2 μM significantly reduced the TNF-α-induced secretion of IL-8 by 22-27%.

The Identification of DepB: An Enzyme Responsible for the Final Detoxification Step in the Deoxynivalenol Epimerization Pathway in 17-2-E-8.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins found in cereal grains and grains contaminated with DON can cause health issues for both humans and animals and result in severe economic losses. Currently there is no feasible method to remediate affected grains. The development of a biological method for detoxification is becoming increasingly more plausible with the discovery of microbes which can transform DON to a relatively non-toxic stereoisomer, 3--DON.

Innovative drugs, chemicals, and enzymes within the animal production chain.

The alarming number of recently reported human illnesses with bacterial infections resistant to multiple antibacterial agents has become a serious concern in recent years. This phenomenon is a core challenge for both the medical and animal health communities, since the use of antibiotics has formed the cornerstone of modern medicine for treating bacterial infections. The empirical benefits of using antibiotics to address animal health issues in animal agriculture (using therapeutic doses) and increasing the overall productivity of animals (using sub-therapeutic doses) are well established.

Employing immuno-affinity for the analysis of various microbial metabolites of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin that is commonly detected in grains infested with Fusarium species. The maximum tolerated levels of DON in the majority of world's countries are restricted to 0.75 mg kg within the human food chain and to less than 1-5 mg kg in animal feed depending on the feed material and/or animal species due to DON's short and long-term adverse effects on human health and animal productivity.

Promising Detoxification Strategies to Mitigate Mycotoxins in Food and Feed.

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites associated with adverse human health and animal productivity consequences.[..

An Efficient Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Approach for the Simultaneous Analysis of Deoxynivalenol and Its Bacterial Metabolites 3-keto-DON and 3- epi-DON.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the major toxic secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium fungi in cereal grains. Among the many promising strategies of DON detoxification are the microbial and enzymatic ones, which transform DON to nontoxic DON metabolites. Thus, proper analytical methods are needed for those DON metabolites.

Optimizing the Maximum Recovery of Dihydromyricetin from Chinese Vine Tea, Ampelopsis grossedentata, Using Response Surface Methodology.

This work provides an optimized extraction approach intended to maximize the recovery of dihydromyricetin (DHM) from Chinese vine tea () leaves. The presented work adopts a Box-Behnken design as a response surface methodology to understand the role and influence of specific extraction parameters including: time, temperature, and solvent composition/ethanol (%) on DHM final yields. Initially, single factor experiments were used to delineate the role of above factors (temperature, time, and solvent composition) before proceeding with three factors-three levels Box-Behnken design with 17 separate runs to assess the effect of multifactorial treatments on DHM recovery rates.

The enzymatic detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol: identification of DepA from the DON epimerization pathway.

The biological detoxification of mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), represents a very promising approach to address the challenging problem of cereal grain contamination. The recent discovery of Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8 (Devosia spp. 17-2-E-8), a bacterial isolate capable of transforming DON to the non-toxic stereoisomer 3-epi-deoxynivalenol, along with earlier reports of bacterial species capable of oxidizing DON to 3-keto-DON, has generated interest in the possible mechanism and enzyme(s) involved.

The enzymatic epimerization of deoxynivalenol by Devosia mutans proceeds through the formation of 3-keto-DON intermediate.

The enzymatic detoxification of deoxynivalenol (DON) is a promising mitigation strategy for addressing this mycotoxin contamination of cereal grains. A recently described bacterium, Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8, capable of transforming DON into its non-toxic stereoisomer 3-epi-DON, holds promise for the development of such applications. Earlier observations suggested that DON epimerization proceeds via a two-step catalysis with 3-keto-DON as an intermediate.

Bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins from purple root vegetables using mono- and co-culture cell models.

Scope: Immune-inflammatory signaling and metabolic effects are the main pillars for bioactivity of anthocyanins derived from highly pigmented root vegetables. This study aims to assess the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of purple carrot and potato derived anthocyanins and the molecular mechanisms of their ability to ameliorate cellular inflammation in a mono- and co-culture cell models.

Methods And Results: An in vitro gastrointestinal model was used and demonstrated bioaccessibility of 44.

Strategies and Methodologies for Developing Microbial Detoxification Systems to Mitigate Mycotoxins.

Mycotoxins, the secondary metabolites of mycotoxigenic fungi, have been found in almost all agricultural commodities worldwide, causing enormous economic losses in livestock production and severe human health problems. Compared to traditional physical adsorption and chemical reactions, interest in biological detoxification methods that are environmentally sound, safe and highly efficient has seen a significant increase in recent years. However, researchers in this field have been facing tremendous unexpected challenges and are eager to find solutions.

Beyond Ribosomal Binding: The Increased Polarity and Aberrant Molecular Interactions of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary fungal metabolite and contaminant mycotoxin that is widely detected in wheat and corn products cultivated around the world. Bio-remediation methods have been extensively studied in the past two decades and promising ways to reduce DON-associated toxicities have been reported. Bacterial epimerization of DON at the C3 carbon was recently reported to induce a significant loss in the bio-toxicity of the resulting stereoisomer (3-epi-DON) in comparison to the parental compound, DON.

Bacterial Epimerization as a Route for Deoxynivalenol Detoxification: the Influence of Growth and Environmental Conditions.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by several Fusarium species that infest wheat and corn. Food and feed contaminated with DON pose a health risk to both humans and livestock and form a major barrier for international trade. Microbial detoxification represents an alternative approach to the physical and chemical detoxification methods of DON-contaminated grains.

Insights into the Hydrocarbon Tolerance of Two Devosia Isolates, D. chinhatensis Strain IPL18T and D. geojensis Strain BD-c194T, via Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis.

Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was among the most commonly used pesticides after the Second World War. The extensive use of this hydrocarbon for almost six decades has created a contamination problem on a global scale, and bioremediation methods are being extensively explored. The reported ability of some Devosia species to grow in the presence of appreciable amounts of hydrocarbons (2,000 mg/kg of contaminated soil) is attracting closer attention.

A novel Peptide-binding motifs inference approach to understand deoxynivalenol molecular toxicity.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin that is commonly detected in cereals and grains world-wide. The low-tolerated levels of this mycotoxin, especially in mono-gastric animals, reflect its bio-potency. The toxicity of DON is conventionally attributed to its ability to inhibit ribosomal protein biosynthesis, but recent advances in molecular tools have elucidated novel mechanisms that further explain DON's toxicological profile, complementing the diverse symptoms associated with its exposure.

Genome Assemblies of Three Soil-Associated Devosia species: D. insulae, D. limi, and D. soli.

Agricultural soils constitute highly diverse ecosystems with very rich bacterial populations. Recent studies employing next-generation sequencing techniques have begun to explore the dynamics of bacterial species of such soils and utilized metagenomics approaches to understand how the diversity in soil microorganisms is affected or modified by agricultural practices. Understanding any microorganism's environmental adaptability in the genomic era starts by fully appreciating their encoding genome.

Draft Genome Sequences of Devosia sp. Strain 17-2-E-8 and Devosia riboflavina Strain IFO13584.

Here we report the draft genome of Devosia sp. strain 17-2-E-8, isolated from Ontario agricultural soil (Canada) with promising deoxynivalenol biotransformation capabilities. In addition, we report the draft genome of Devosia riboflavina strain IFO13584, used as a control strain in our studies aimed at highlighting unique gene clusters involved in deoxynivalenol epimerization.

Holocarboxylase synthetase interacts physically with euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, linking histone biotinylation with methylation events.

Holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) catalyzes the binding of the vitamin biotin to histones H3 and H4, thereby creating rare histone biotinylation marks in the epigenome. These marks co-localize with K9-methylated histone H3 (H3K9me), an abundant gene repression mark. The abundance of H3K9me marks in transcriptionally competent loci decreases when HCS is knocked down and when cells are depleted of biotin.

Online tools for bioinformatics analyses in nutrition sciences.

Recent advances in "omics" research have resulted in the creation of large datasets that were generated by consortiums and centers, small datasets that were generated by individual investigators, and bioinformatics tools for mining these datasets. It is important for nutrition laboratories to take full advantage of the analysis tools to interrogate datasets for information relevant to genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. This review provides guidance regarding bioinformatics resources that are currently available in the public domain, with the intent to provide a starting point for investigators who want to take advantage of the opportunities provided by the bioinformatics field.