Ancient Medicinal Insect (Boleny)-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Like Particles Enhances Autophagic Activity to Promote Osteogenic Differentiation via Melatonin in Osteoporosis.

Introduction: Osteoporosis, a critical public health challenge, is marked by skeletal deformities and heightened fracture risk. (SP), a component of traditional Chinese medicine, is known to enhance bone health, but the molecular mechanisms behind its osteoprotective effects are not well understood.

Methods: We isolated extracellular vesicle (EV)-like particles from SP (SP-EVLP) using differential velocity centrifugation and investigated their effects on human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) in vitro.