Energy Deficiency During Cold Weather Mountain Training in NSW SEAL Qualification Students.

Special operation forces participating in mountain warfare/cold weather (MWCW) training have higher energy demands, but adequate fueling is difficult to achieve. The purpose of the study was to determine energy expenditure relative to energy intake and examine fueling patterns during 3 days of MWCW training in Naval Special Warfare Sea, Air, Land (SEAL) Qualification Training (SQT) students. Ten SQT students (age: 23.

Military personnel with self-reported ankle injuries do not demonstrate deficits in dynamic postural stability or landing kinematics.

Background: The odds of sustaining non-contact musculoskeletal injuries are higher in Special Operations Forces operators than in infantry soldiers. The ankle is one of the most commonly injured joints, and once injured can put individuals at risk for reinjury. The purpose of this study was to determine if any differences in postural stability and landing kinematics exist between operators with a self-reported ankle injury in the past one year and uninjured controls.

Biomechanical insights into the aetiology of infraspinatus syndrome.

Objective: Infraspinatus syndrome (IS) results from injury to the suprascapular nerve. For reasons that are poorly understood, volleyball players are at greater risk of developing IS than are athletes who compete in other overhead sports. Differences between the shoulder kinematics of volleyball-related overhead skills and those skills demanded by other overhead sports might explain the pronounced prevalence of IS among volleyball athletes.

Exercise engagement is differentially motivated by age-dependent factors.

Objectives: To examine exercise engagement motives from adolescence throughout the adult life span using the Exercise Motivation Inventory 2 questionnaire.

Methods: Two hundred fifty-five (255) participants, 13 - 84 years and equally representing both genders, were grouped by age and sex.

Results: An age-dependent engagement in voluntary exercise was observed.

Water relations of coastal and estuarine Rhizophora mangle: xylem pressure potential and dynamics of embolism formation and repair.

Physiological traits related to water transport were studied in Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) growing in coastal and estuarine sites in Hawaii. The magnitude of xylem pressure potential (P ), the vulnerability of xylem to cavitation, the frequency of embolized vessels in situ, and the capacity of R. mangle to repair embolized vessels were evaluated with conventional and recently developed techniques.

On the Elastic Properties of the Interfaces That Stabilize Gas Cavitation Nuclei.

Many important systems feature strongly curved interfaces with low surface tension. Four examples are micelles, emulsions, giant bilayer vesicles, and biological membranes. A fifth is the microbubble nuclei that initiate cavitation in aqueous media.

A comparison of the soft agar and microtitre methodologies for the L5178Y tk +/- mouse lymphoma assay.

The L5178Y tk +/- mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) has been validated as a sensitive and specific test system for the detection of mutagens/clastogens. There are currently two methodologies for performing the MLA: the original soft agar procedure and the newer microtitre procedure. While both procedures are considered acceptable, a limited amount of comparative information exists for the two methods.

Improved sensitivity of the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay in primary rat hepatocytes following culture in serum-free defined media.

The unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay has been used extensively for the in vitro detection of DNA damage caused by compound exposure. However, the in vitro UDS assay has been insensitive for the detection of certain chemicals, particularly nitroaromatic compounds, that are positive in bacterial mutation assays. Recently, studies have been reported which describe alterations in the hepatocyte membrane following collagenase perfusion.

Quantification of unscheduled DNA synthesis by a whole cell counting method.

A procedure was developed for the quantification of the autoradiographic assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis. Relative to commonly used practices for grain counting, this procedure provides a more accurate net nuclear grain count by eliminating the subjectivity currently associated with selection of the areas to be counted for the cytoplasmic background count. Briefly, the object area and aperture area modes of an ARTEK 880 colony counter are used to collect values for the total number of silver grains over a particular cell (nuclear and cytoplasmic counts), as well as for the nuclear and cytoplasmic areas.

A new scale for the assessment of depressed mood in demented patients.

Twenty-one subjects with clinically diagnosed dementia of the Alzheimer type were rated on the Dementia Mood Assessment Scale, a new instrument intended to measure the severity of depressed mood in cognitively impaired patients. Ratings were based on direct observation and a semistructured interview of the patient. Interrater reliability was established.

L-deprenyl in Alzheimer's disease. Preliminary evidence for behavioral change with monoamine oxidase B inhibition.

Since monoamine neurotransmitter disturbances exist in some cases of dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), monoamine-enhancing drugs may ameliorate some symptoms of DAT. L-Deprenyl is a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor that is generally free of undesired effects. At low doses (10 mg/d) it selectively inhibits MAO-B, an enzyme whose level is elevated in the brains of patients with DAT who are studied post mortem.

On the use of a bubble formation model to calculate diving tables.

Previous decompression tables for humans were based upon unsupported assumptions because the underlying processes by which dissolved gas is liberated from blood and tissue were poorly understood. Some of those assumptions are now known to be wrong, and the recent formulation of a detailed mathematical model describing bubble nucleation has made it possible to calculate diving tables from established physical principles. To evaluate this approach, a comprehensive set of air diving tables has been developed and compared with those of the U.

Application of bubble formation model to decompression sickness in fingerling salmon.

Recently a new cavitation model has been proposed in which bubble formation in aqueous media in initiated by spherical gas nuclei stabilized by surface-active membranes of varying gas permeability. In previous application of the varying permeability model, good agreement has been obtained with experimental limits in pressure reduction for gelatin, rats, and humans following steady-state exposures. We new extend this investigation to fingerling salmon and demonstrate that a satisfactory description of the decompression data of D' Aoust et al.

On the use of oxygen to facilitate decompression.

Oxygen is widely used at elevated partial pressures to facilitate decompression, yet the optimum dosage and the magnitude of the beneficial effects are poorly known. This is because oxygen enhancements, expressed as increases in the allowed pressure reductions, are small and easily masked by individual variation. Furthermore, oxygen can also produce detrimental results, and the range from a therapeutic to a toxic dose is narrow.

Application of a bubble formation model to decompression sickness in rats and humans.

Although decompression sickness results from bubble formation in blood or tissue, pressure schedules currently in use are essentially empirical and contain little input from cavitation theory. The recent convergence of three lines of investigation suggests that a synthesis of practice and theory may now be possible. The data consist of pressure reduction limits for gelatin, rats, and humans following steady-state exposures.

Stabilization of gas cavitation nuclei by surface-active compounds.

Gas bubbles are the primary agent in producing the pathogenic effects of decompression sickness. Numerous experiments indicate that bubbles originate in water, and probably also in man, as pre-existing gas nuclei. This is surprising considering that gas phases larger than 1 micron should rise to the surface of a standing liquid, whereas smaller ones should dissolve rapidly due to surface tension.

Bubble formation within decompressed hen's eggs.

Decompression sickness follows a reduction in ambient pressure and is a result of bubble formation in blood or tissues. The origin of such bubbles is the subject of considerable controversy, and a number of mechanisms have been proposed to account for them. In testing these mechanisms, freshly-laid hen's eggs provide a particularly intriguing model--namely, an intact biological system in which bubbles form readily and many of the proposed processes are excluded.