Association of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome with Alzheimer`s Disease‐Related Dementia in HIV‐Infected Individuals.

Background: Cognitive decline often follows human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, yet the specific risk factors for developing Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD) in HIV patients remain elusive.

Method: To investigate the association between acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) status at the time of HIV diagnosis and the risk of ADRD, we conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from a nationwide claim database spanning 2008 to 2021. During the study period, 13,289 patients were newly diagnosed with HIV infection and were prescribed antiretroviral therapy (ART).

White matter hyperintensities and cholinergic degeneration as Lewy body disease.

Objective: Although basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic degeneration and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are important in neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), their relationships with dopaminergic degeneration and clinical manifestations remain unclear.

Methods: A total of 407 patients with cognitive impairment meeting the diagnostic criteria for AD, DLB, or both (AD+DLB) were assessed. All participants underwent 3T MRI, dopamine transporter (DAT) positron emission tomography, neuropsychological tests, and assessments for parkinsonism, cognitive fluctuation, visual hallucination, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD).

Association of Relative Brain Hyperperfusion Independent of Dopamine Depletion With Motor Dysfunction in Patients With Parkinson Disease.

Background And Objectives: Parkinson disease (PD) exhibits a characteristic pattern of brain perfusion or metabolism, thereby being considered network disorder. Using dual-phase -(3-fluoropropyl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (F-FP-CIT) PET, we investigated the role of brain perfusion in motor symptoms and disease progression, independent of striatal dopamine depletion.

Methods: We recruited patients with de novo PD and healthy controls (HCs) who underwent dual-phase F-FP-CIT PET and brain MRI.

Post-diagnosis smoking habit change and incident dementia in cancer survivors.

Introduction: Many individuals change their smoking habits after cancer diagnosis. We aimed to evaluate the association of post-diagnosis smoking habit change with incident dementia in cancer survivors.

Methods: We identified 558,127 individuals who were diagnosed with cancer at age ≥ 20 and survived for ≥ 3 years.

Association between striatal amyloid deposition and motor prognosis in Parkinson's disease.

Background And Purpose: The co-occurrence of amyloid-β pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) is common; however, the role of amyloid-β deposition in motor prognosis remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the association between striatal amyloid deposition, motor complications and motor prognosis in patients with PD.

Methods: Ninety-six patients with PD who underwent F florbetaben (FBB) positron emission tomography were retrospectively assessed.

Alteration of medial temporal lobe metabolism related to Alzheimer's disease and dementia with lewy bodies.

Background: Association of medial temporal lobe (MTL) metabolism with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has not been evaluated considering their mixed disease (MD).

Methods: 131 patients with AD, 133 with DLB, 122 with MD, and 28 normal controls (NCs) underwent neuropsychological tests, assessments for parkinsonism, cognitive fluctuation (CF), and visual hallucinations (VH), and F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET to quantify MTL metabolism in the amygdala, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex. The effects of AD and DLB on MTL metabolism were evaluated using general linear models (GLMs).

Association of Family History and Polygenic Risk Score With Longitudinal Prognosis in Parkinson Disease.

Background And Objectives: Evidence suggests that either family history or polygenic risk score (PRS) is associated with developing Parkinson disease (PD). However, little is known about the longitudinal prognosis of PD according to family history and higher PRS.

Methods: From the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database, 395 patients with PD who followed up for more than 2 years were grouped into those with family history within first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree relatives (N = 127 [32.

The Psychomotor Cognition Test for Measurement of Sleepiness/Fatigue on a Touch Screen.

The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a simple and reliable performance test that measures sustained attention, alertness level, and fatigue level. The PVT is a convenient tool that can be used in real time in situ through a mobile device without the assistance of experts and therefore can be used to improve safety and prevent accidents. However, the original PVT is vulnerable to the subject's intentional concentration on the test, and the variance range among tests is narrow; these factors limit its usefulness in classifying the level of fatigue.

Bio-signals Collecting System for Fatigue Level Classification.

Fatigue is a risk factor that reduces quality of life and work efficiency, and threatens safety in a high-risk environment. However, fatigue is not yet precisely defined and is not a quantified concept as it relies on subjective evaluation. The purpose of this study is to manage risks, improve mission efficiency, and prevent accidents through the development of machine learning and deep learning based fatigue level classifier.

Dopamine transporter positron emission tomography in patients with Alzheimer's disease with Lewy body disease features.

In 36 normal controls (NC), 37 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) without parkinsonism (AD), 31 AD with parkinsonism (AD), and 40 AD with dementia with Lewy bodies (AD), dual-phase dopamine transporter (DAT) positron emission tomography (PET) were performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of DAT and early-to-delayed uptake ratios (E/Ds) in the anterior caudate (AC), posterior caudate (PC), anterior putamen (AP), posterior putamen (PP), and substantia nigra (SN) to differentiate AD/AD from NC, and their effects on parkinsonism and cognition. DAT-SN and E/D-PP showed higher accuracies to differentiate AD/AD from NC than DAT-PP. Among AD patients, lower DAT in the putamen and PC and higher E/Ds in the striatum were associated with severe parkinsonism, while higher E/Ds in the putamen, PC, and SN were associated with executive dysfunction.

Distinct amyloid-dependent patterns of nigra dopamine depletion in Lewy body diseases.

Introduction: Concomitant amyloid pathology is not uncommon and contributes to the clinical characteristics of Lewy body disease (LBD). We investigated the effect of amyloid on striatalF-FP-CIT uptake patterns in LBD, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies.

Methods: We enrolled 125 patients with LBD who underwentF-florbetaben positron emission tomography (PET) andF-FP-CIT PET.

Association of Neuropsychiatric Symptom Profiles With Cognitive Decline in Patients With Parkinson Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Background And Objectives: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are closely associated with cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). We investigated which profiles of NPS are associated with the risk of dementia in PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI).

Methods: We retrospectively assessed 338 patients with PD-MCI from a single tertiary hospital, who underwent neuropsychological tests and a neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI) questionnaire.

Striatal dopamine transporter uptake, parkinsonism and cognition in Alzheimer's disease.

Background And Purpose: The correlates of motor parkinsonism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain controversial. The effects of nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration on parkinsonism and cognition in biomarker-validated patients with AD were evaluated.

Methods: This study recruited 116 patients with AD who underwent dual-phase F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β-carbon ethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane positron emission tomography, F-florbetaben positron emission tomography, 3 T brain magnetic resonance imaging, and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and neuropsychological tests.

Neuropsychological Comparison of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia With Lewy Bodies.

Background And Purpose: This study aimed to determine the neuropsychological differences between patients with early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of ≤1.

Methods: We examined 168 patients with AD (126 with CDR score=0.5, 42 with CDR score=1) and 169 patients with DLB (104 with CDR score=0.

Effects of amyloid beta and dopaminergic depletion on perfusion and clinical symptoms.

Introduction: Although mixed pathologies are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the effects of amyloid beta and dopaminergic depletion on brain perfusion and clinical symptoms have not been elucidated.

Methods: In 99 cognitive impairment patients due to AD and/or DLB and 32 controls, 18F-florbetaben (FBB) and dual-phase dopamine transporter (DAT) positron emission tomography (PET) were performed to measure the FBB standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR), striatal DAT uptakes, and brain perfusion.

Results: Higher FBB-SUVR and lower ventral striatal DAT uptake were intercorrelated and, respectively, associated with left entorhinal/temporo-parietal-centered hypoperfusion and vermis/hippocampal-centered hyperperfusion, whereas regional perfusion mediated clinical symptoms and cognition.

Substantia nigral dopamine transporter uptake in dementia with Lewy bodies.

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration is a pathological hallmark of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). To identify the subregional dopamine transporter (DAT) uptake patterns that improve the diagnostic accuracy of DLB, we analyzed N-(3-[F] fluoropropyl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)-nortropane (FP-CIT) PET in 51 patients with DLB, in 36 patients with mild cognitive impairment with Lewy body (MCI-LB), and in 40 healthy controls (HCs). In addition to a high affinity for DAT, FP-CIT show a modest affinity to serotonin or norepinephrine transporters.

Air pollution is associated with faster cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: Although chronic exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of dementia in normal elderlies, the effect of chronic exposure to air pollution on the rates of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been elucidated.

Methods: In this longitudinal study, a total of 269 patients with mild cognitive impairment or early dementia due to AD with the evidence of brain β-amyloid deposition were followed-up for a mean period of 4 years. Five-year normalized hourly cumulative exposure value of each air pollutant, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO ), sulfur dioxide (SO ), and particulate matter (PM and PM ), was computed based on nationwide air pollution database.

Comparison Between F-Florapronol and F-Florbetaben Imaging in Patients With Cognitive Impairment.

Background And Purpose: To determine the imaging characteristics and cutoff value of F-florapronol (FC119S) quantitative analysis for detecting β-amyloid positivity and Alzheimer's disease (AD), we compared the findings of FC119S and F-florbetaben (FBB) positron-emission tomography (PET) in patients with cognitive impairment.

Methods: We prospectively enrolled 35 patients with cognitive impairment who underwent FBB-PET, FC119S-PET, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. We measured global and vertex-wise standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) using a surface-based method with the cerebellar gray matter as reference.

Effect of Amyloid on Cognitive Performance in Parkinson's Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies.

Background: Concomitant amyloid pathology contributes to the clinical heterogeneity of Lewy body diseases (LBDs).

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the pattern and effect of amyloid accumulation on cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).

Methods: We retrospectively assessed 205 patients with LBD (91 with DLB and 114 with PD) who underwent F-florbetaben positron emission tomography and divided them into amyloid-positive and amyloid-negative groups depending on global standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs).

Low skull bone density is associated with poor motor prognosis in women with Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) and osteoporosis are degenerative diseases that have shared pathomechanisms. To investigate the associations of skull bone density with nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration and longitudinal motor prognosis in female patients with PD. We analyzed the data of 260 drug-naïve female PD patients aged ≥50 years old who were followed-up for ≥3 years after their first visit to the clinic with baseline dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging.

Effects of Alzheimer's genetic risk scores and CSF biomarkers in de novo Parkinson's Disease.

Coexisting Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is common in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the implications of genetic risk scores (GRS) for AD have not been elucidated in PD. In 413 de novo PD and 195 healthy controls from the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative database, the effects of GRS for AD (GRS-AD) and PD (GRS-PD) on the risk of PD and longitudinal CSF biomarkers and clinical outcomes were explored.

Effects of Alzheimer and Lewy Body Disease Pathologies on Brain Metabolism.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the pattern of F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) related to postmortem Lewy body disease (LBD) pathology in clinical Alzheimer disease (AD).

Methods: FDG-PET scans were analyzed in 62 autopsy-confirmed patients and 110 controls in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Based on neuropathologic evaluations on Braak stage for neurofibrillary tangle, Consortium to Establish a Registry for AD score for neuritic plaque, and Lewy-related pathology, subjects were classified into AD(-)/LBD(-), AD(-)/LBD(+), AD(+)/LBD(-), and AD(+)/LBD(+) groups.

Implication of Small Vessel Disease MRI Markers in Alzheimer's Disease and Lewy Body Disease.

Background: Small vessel disease (SVD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers including deep and periventricular white matter hyperintensities (PWMH), lacunes, and microbleeds are frequently observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Lewy body disease (LBD), but their implication has not been clearly elucidated.

Objective: To investigate the implication of SVD MRI markers in cognitively impaired patients with AD and/or LBD.

Methods: We consecutively recruited 57 patients with pure AD-related cognitive impairment (ADCI), 49 with pure LBD-related cognitive impairment (LBCI), 45 with mixed ADCI/LBCI, and 34 controls.