In Silico Analysis and Biochemical Characterization of PET Hydrolase with Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl) Terephthalate Biodegradation Activity.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), one of the most widely used plastics in the world, causes serious environmental problems. Recently, scientists have been focused on the enzymatic degradation of PET, an environmentally friendly method that offers an attractive approach to the degradation and recycling of PET. In this work, PET hydrolase from sp.

Ribosomal S6 kinase 2-forkhead box protein O4 signaling pathway plays an essential role in melanogenesis.

Although previous studies have examined the signaling pathway involved in melanogenesis through which ultraviolet (UV) or α-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (α-MSH) stimuli act as key inducers to produce melanin at the stratum basal layer of the epidermis, the signaling pathway regulating melanogenesis is still controversial. This study reports that α-MSH, not UVA and UVB, acted as a major stimulus of melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Signaling pathway analysis using gene knockdown technology and chemical inhibitors, the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) played an important role in melanogenesis.

Protective effect of hygrolansamycin C against corticosterone-induced toxicity and oxidative stress-mediated via autophagy and the MAPK signaling pathway.

Background: Excessive stress, a major problem in modern societies, affects people of all ages worldwide. Corticosterone is one of the most abundant hormones secreted during stressful conditions and is associated with various dysfunctions in the body. In particular, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of hygrolansamycin C (HYGC) against corticosterone-induced cellular stress, a manifestation of excessive stress prevalent in contemporary societies.

Dysregulated CREB3 cleavage at the nuclear membrane induces karyoptosis-mediated cell death.

Cancer cells often exhibit resistance to apoptotic cell death, but they may be vulnerable to other types of cell death. Elucidating additional mechanisms that govern cancer cell death is crucial for developing new therapies. Our research identified cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 (CREB3) as a crucial regulator and initiator of a unique cell death mechanism known as karyoptosis.

A unique dual acyltransferase system shared in the polyketide chain initiation of kidamycinone and rubiflavinone biosynthesis.

The pluramycin family of natural products has diverse substituents at the C2 position, which are closely related to their biological activity. Therefore, it is important to understand the biosynthesis of C2 substituents. In this study, we describe the biosynthesis of C2 moieties in sp.

Targeted Isolation of -Acetylcysteine-Containing Angucycline Derivatives from sp. MC16 and Their Antiproliferative Effects.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based molecular networking analysis was applied to sp. MC16. The automatic classification of the MolNetEnhancer module revealed that its major constituent was an angucycline derivative.

Induction of Fungal Secondary Metabolites by Co-Culture with Actinomycete Producing HDAC Inhibitor Trichostatins.

A recently bioinformatic analysis of genomic sequences of fungi indicated that fungi are able to produce more secondary metabolites than expected. Despite their potency, many biosynthetic pathways are silent in the absence of specific culture conditions or chemical cues. To access cryptic metabolism, 108 fungal strains isolated from various sites were cultured with or without sp.

Rubiflavin G, photorubiflavin G, and photorubiflavin E: Novel pluramycin derivatives from Streptomyces sp. W2061 and their anticancer activity against breast cancer cells.

The pluramycin family of antibiotics comprises angucycline compounds derived from actinomycetes that possess anticancer and antibacterial properties. Pluramycins are structurally characterized by two aminoglycosides linked by a carbon-carbon bond next to the γ-pyrone angucycline backbone. Kidamycins (3, 4) and rubiflavins (6-9) were screened through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the crude extracts of Streptomyces sp.

Bifunctional and monofunctional α-neoagarooligosaccharide hydrolases from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).

Agar is a galactan and a major component of the red algal cell wall. Agar is metabolized only by specific microorganisms. The final step of the β-agarolytic pathway is mediated by α-neoagarooligosaccharide hydrolase (α-NAOSH), which cleaves neoagarobiose to D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactose.

Hygrolansamycins A-D, -Heterocyclic Macrolides from sp. KCB17JA11.

Six ansamycin derivatives were isolated from the culture broth of sp. KCB17JA11, including four new hygrolansamycins A-D (1-4) and known congeners divergolide O (5) and hygrocin C (6). Compounds 1-5 featured an unusual six-membered -heterocyclic moiety.

Ulleungdolin, a Polyketide-Peptide Hybrid Bearing a 2,4-Di--methyl-β-d-antiarose from sp. 13F051 Co-cultured with 15S071.

A new secondary metabolite, ulleungdolin (), was isolated from the co-culture of an actinomycete, sp. 13F051, and a fungus, 15S071. Based on the NMR, UV, and MS data, it was deduced that the planar structure of comprised an isoindolinone (IsoID) with an octanoic acid, a tripeptide, and a sugar.

Jejuketomycins A and B, polyketide glycosides with cancer cell migration inhibitory activity from sp. KCB15JA151.

Two new polyketide glycosides jejuketomycins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from a culture of sp. KCB15JA151. Their chemical structures including the absolute configurations were determined by detailed analyses of the NMR and HRMS data and ECD calculations and spectral data.

Elucidation of the di-c-glycosylation steps during biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic, kidamycin.

Kidamycins belong to the pluramycin family of antitumor antibiotics that contain di-C-glycosylated angucycline. Owing to its interesting biological activity, several synthetic derivatives of kidamycins are currently being developed. However, the synthesis of these complex structural compounds with unusual C-glycosylated residues is difficult.

Jejucarbazoles A-C, carbazole glycosides with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitory activity from sp. KCB15JA151.

A bioassay-guided investigation led to the isolation of three new carbazole glycosides, jejucarbazoles A-C (1-3), from sp. KCB15JA151. Their planar structures were elucidated by detailed NMR and MS spectroscopic analysis with a literature study.

Construction of an Artificial Biosynthetic Pathway for Zingerone Production in Using Benzalacetone Synthase from .

Zingerone (vanillylacetone; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethyl methyl ketone) is a key component responsible for the pungency of ginger (). In this study, it was confirmed that a type III polyketide synthase (PKS) gene () from exhibits feruloyl-CoA-preferred benzalacetone synthase (BAS) activity. Based on these results, we constructed an artificial biosynthetic pathway for zingerone production from supplemented ferulic acid with 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL), PmPKS, and benzalacetone reductase (BAR).

Construction of an Artificial Biosynthetic Pathway for the Styrylpyrone Compound 11-Methoxy-Bisnoryangonin Produced in Engineered .

A cDNA clone (named ), which shows high homology to the known chalcone synthase (CHS)-like type III PKS, was obtained from the leaves of . The PnPKS protein with ferulic acid catalyzed lactonization instead of chalcone or stilbene formation. The new product was characterized as a styrylpyrone, 11-methoxy-bisnoryangonin, which is the lactonization compound of a linear triketide formed as the reaction product of PnPKS protein with ferulic acid.

Ulleunganilines A-C, Trichostatin Analogues Bearing a Modified Side Chain from sp. 13F051.

Three new trichostatin analogues, ulleunganilines A-C (-), and seven known trichostatins (-) were isolated from cultures of sp. 13F051. NMR, UV, and MS data indicated that the planar structures of - consisted of modified side chains in the trichostatic acid moiety.

Angucyclines containing β-ᴅ-glucuronic acid from Streptomyces sp. KCB15JA151.

Two angucyclines, pseudonocardones D (1) and E (2), were isolated from Streptomyces sp. KCB15JA151. The planar structure was elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis.

LacI-Family Transcriptional Regulator DagR Acts as a Repressor of the Agarolytic Pathway Genes in A3(2).

Actinobacteria utilize various polysaccharides in the soil as carbon source by degrading them via extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. Agarose, a marine algal polysaccharide composed of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (AHG), is one of the carbon sources used by A3(2). However, little is known about agar hydrolysis in A3(2), except that the regulation of agar hydrolysis metabolism is strongly inhibited by glucose as in the catabolic pathways of other polysaccharides.

Enzymatic Characterization and Comparison of Two Steroid Hydroxylases CYP154C3-1 and CYP154C3-2 from Species.

Bacterial cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are responsible for the hydroxylation of diverse endogenous substances with a heme molecule used as a cofactor. This study characterized two CYP154C3 proteins from sp. W2061 (CYP154C3-1) and sp.

A pipecolic acid-rich branched cyclic depsipeptide ulleungamide C from a Streptomyces species induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in promyelocytic leukemia cells.

In this study, screening by LC-MS and cytotoxicity-guided isolation led to the identification of ulleungamide C (1), a previously unknown pipecolic acid-rich branched cyclic depsipeptide, from a soil actinobacterium Streptomyces sp. KCB13F003. The structure of 1 was determined by interpretation of spectroscopic and spectrometric data from 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS experiments.

Highly oxygenated angucycline from Streptomyces sp. KCB15JA014.

LC/MS-based chemical screening of culture extract led to a new highly oxygenated angucycline derivative, grecocycline D (1), from Streptomyces sp. KCB15JA014, isolated from a soil sample of Oedolgae in Jeju Island, Korea. The planar structure was determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques as well as HRESIMS and comparison with data from the literature.

Enzymatic biosynthesis and biological evaluation of novel 17-AAG glucoside as potential anti-cancer agents.

A novel 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) glucoside (1) was obtained from in vitro enzymatic glycosylation using a UDP-glycosyltransferase (YjiC). The water-solubility of compound 1 was approximately 10.5 times higher than that of the substrate, 17-AAG.

Reblastatins Inhibit Phenotypic Changes of Monocytes/Macrophages in a Milieu Rich in 27-Hydroxycholesterol.

We investigated effects of reblastatins on phenotypic changes in monocytes/macrophages induced by 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol). Treatment of THP-1 monocytic cells with reblastatin derivatives, such as 17-demethoxy-reblastatin (17-DR), 18-dehydroxyl-17-demethoxyreblastatin (WK88-1), 18-hydroxyl-17-demethoxyreblastatin (WK88-2), and 18-hydroxyl-17-demethoxy-4,5-dehydroreblastatin (WK88-3), resulted in blockage of CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 expression at the transcription and protein levels, which, in turn, impaired migration of monocytes/macrophages and Jurkat T cells expressing CCR5, and almost complete inhibition of transcription of M1 marker cytokines, like CXCL10, CXCL11, and TNF-α. Reblastatins also downregulated surface CD14 as well as soluble CD14 along with inhibition of LPS response and matrix metalloprotease-9 expression.