Nostoxanthin Biosynthesis by Sphingomonas Species (COS14-R2): Isolation, Identification, and Optimization of Culture Conditions.

Nostoxanthin, a yellow pigment, belongs to the xanthophyll group of carotenoids found in various species of bacteria and cyanobacteria. Several species of Sphingomonas can produce appropriate carotenoids for survive in various environments. This comprise nostoxanthin, a significant carotenoid.

Calcium Chloride as a Novel Stabilizer for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Its Application in the Vaccine Formulation.

The thermal stability of the in-house-developed foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) type O and A viruses was evaluated, and the O Jincheon virus was found to exhibit the lowest thermal stability. To overcome this instability, we proposed a novel stabilizer, calcium chloride. The thermal stability of FMDVs increased up to a CaCl concentration of 10 mM, and it had a decreasing trend at >30 mM.

Calcium Chloride Treatment Enhances Antigen Production in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines for Serotypes SAT1 and SAT3.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection causing acute and severe vesicular lesions in cattle and pigs, which has prompted global vaccination policies. This study presents a technique for enhancing antigen yield in SAT1 BOT and SAT3 ZIM by treatment with calcium chloride (CaCl). We tested changes in cell viability in BHK-21 suspension cells treated with varying concentrations of CaCl.

Determination of Optimal Antigen Yield and Virus Inactivation Conditions for the Production of the Candidate Foot-and-Mouth Disease Recombinant Vaccine Strain Asia1 Shamir-R in a Bioreactor.

Since the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in South Korea in 2010-2011, vaccination policies utilizing inactivated FMD vaccines composed of types O and A have been implemented nationwide. However, because type Asia1 occurred in North Korea in 2007 and intermittently in neighboring countries, the risk of type Asia1 introduction cannot be ruled out. This study evaluated the antigen yield and viral inactivation kinetics of the recombinant Asia1 Shamir vaccine strain (Asia1 Shamir-R).

Evaluation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Virus Asia1 Genotype-V as an FMD Vaccine Candidate: Study on Vaccine Antigen Production Yield and Inactivation Kinetics.

South Korea has experienced outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) of serotypes O and A, leading to nationwide vaccination with a bivalent vaccine. Since the FMD virus (FMDV) Asia1 group-V genotype occurred in North Korea in 2007, an Asia1/MOG/05 vaccine strain belonging to the Asia1 group-V genotype was developed using a genetic recombination method (Asia1/MOG/05-R). This study aimed to evaluate the antigen productivity and viral inactivation kinetics of Asia1/MOG/05-R to assess its commercial viability.

Enhancing polyethylene degradation: a novel bioprocess approach using Acinetobacter nosocomialis pseudo-resting cells.

Despite the discovery of several bacteria capable of interacting with polymers, the activity of the natural bacterial isolates is limited. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the development of bioprocesses for polyethylene (PE) degradation. Here, we report a bioprocess using pseudo-resting cells for efficient degradation of PE.

Overproduction of Pigment in sp. JSWR-1 under Optimized Culture Conditions.

can synthesize xanthophyll, particularly the pigment zeaxanthin, which has significant economic value in nutrition and pharmaceuticals. Recently, the use of carotenoid biosynthesis by bacteria and yeast fermentation technology has shown to be very efficient and offers significant advantages in large-scale production, cost-effectiveness, and safety. In the present study, JSWR-1 strain capable of producing xanthophyll pigment was isolated from a freshwater reservoir in Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea.

Production of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Type O and A Vaccine Antigens on a Pilot Scale and Determination of Optimal Amount of Antigen for Monovalent Vaccines.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals and causes significant economic losses to the livestock industry. The Type O PanAsia-2 (O PA-2) vaccine strain is protective against a wide range of serotype O FMD virus (FMDV) strains in East Asia, and A22 Iraq/24/64 (A22 IRQ) is the most widely used vaccine strain in FMD vaccine antigen banks. The aim of this study was to produce antigens from O PA-2 and A22 IRQ viruses using a 100 L bioreactor and evaluate the protective efficacy of varying antigen concentrations in pigs.

Regulatory transcription factor (CooA)-driven carbon monoxide partial pressure sensing whole-cell biosensor.

We designed and constructed a whole-cell biosensor capable of detecting the presence and quantity of carbon monoxide (CO) using the CO regulatory transcription factor. This biosensor utilizes CooA, a CO-sensing transcription regulator that activates the expression of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), to detect the presence of CO and respond by triggering the expression of a GUS reporter protein (β-glucuronidase). The GUS reporter protein is expressed from a CO-induced CooA-binding promoter (P) by CooA and enables the effective colorimetric detection of CO.

Efficacy of Binary Ethylenimine in the Inactivation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus for Vaccine Production in South Korea.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines must be produced in a biosafety level 3 facility, so the FMD virus (FMDV) must be completely inactivated after amplification. The inactivation kinetics of FMDV during vaccine antigen production were assessed by evaluating whether the viral titer dropped below 10 TCID/mL within 24 h of binary ethyleneimine (BEI) treatment. This study dealt with four FMD vaccine candidate strains for the efficacy of BEI treatment at different concentrations and temperatures to determine the optimal inactivation condition of each virus.

Dectin-1 signaling coordinates innate and adaptive immunity for potent host defense against viral infection.

Background: Most commercial foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines have various disadvantages, such as low antibody titers, short-lived effects, compromised host defense, and questionable safety.

Objectives: To address these shortcomings, we present a novel FMD vaccine containing Dectin-1 agonist, β-D-glucan, as an immunomodulatory adjuvant. The proposed vaccine was developed to effectively coordinate innate and adaptive immunity for potent host defense against viral infection.

Production of a New Biosurfactant by a New Yeast Species Isolated from Sieb. Zucc.

Biosurfactants reduce surface and interfacial tension due to their amphiphilic properties and are an eco-friendly alternative for chemical surfactants. In this study, a new yeast strain JAF-11 that produces a biosurfactant was selected using drop collapse method, and the properties of the extracts were investigated. The nucleotide sequences of the strain were compared with closely related strains and identified based on the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions.

Development of Monoclonal Antibody to Specifically Recognize VP0 but Not VP4 and VP2 of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals and often causes enormous economic loss in the livestock industry. The capsid of FMD virus (FMDV) consists of four structural proteins. Initially, one copy each of the proteins VP0, VP3, and VP1 are folded together into a protomer, and five copies of the protomer compose a pentamer.

Magnetic phase diagram of a 2-dimensional triangular lattice antiferromagnet NaBaMn(PO).

We report the magnetic phase transitions of a spin-5/2, 2-dimensional triangular lattice antiferromagnet (AFM) NaBaMn(PO). From specific heat measurements, we observe two magnetic transitions at temperatures 1.15 and 1.

Factors Involved in Removing the Non-Structural Protein of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Chloroform and Scale-Up Production of High-Purity Vaccine Antigens.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important and highly infectious viral disease, predominantly controlled by vaccination. The removal of non-structural proteins (NSPs) is very important in the process of FMD vaccine production, because vaccinated and naturally infected animals can be distinguished by the presence of NSP antibodies in the FMD serological surveillance. A previous study reported that 3AB protein, a representative of NSPs, was removed by chloroform treatment.

Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in Sustainable Agriculture: Advantages and Limitations.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are significant groups of probiotic organisms in fermented food and are generally considered safe. LAB regulate soil organic matter and the biochemical cycle, detoxify hazardous chemicals, and enhance plant health. They are found in decomposing plants, traditional fermented milk products, and normal human gastrointestinal and vaginal flora.

Comparison of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Sucrose Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation for the Quantification of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Antigens.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. The protective immunizing component of the FMD virus (FMDV) is a ribonucleoprotein particle with a sedimentation coefficient of 146S. Size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) was introduced to replace sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation (SDG), which is the gold standard for the quantification of FMDV 146S particles.

Metabolite trafficking enables membrane-impermeable-terpene secretion by yeast.

Metabolites are often unable to permeate cell membranes and are thus accumulated inside cells. We investigate whether engineered microbes can exclusively secrete intracellular metabolites because sustainable metabolite secretion holds a great potential for mass-production of high-value chemicals in an efficient and continuous manner. In this study, we demonstrate a synthetic pathway for a metabolite trafficking system that enables lipophilic terpene secretion by yeast cells.

Validation of Pretreatment Methods for the In-Process Quantification of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Antigens.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), is controlled by vaccine policy in many countries. For vaccine potency, the content of intact virus particles (146S antigens) is critical, and the sucrose density gradient (SDG) fractionation is the gold standard for the quantification of 146S antigens. However, this method has several drawbacks.

Identification of Functional Microbial Modules Through Network-Based Analysis of Meta-Microbial Features Using Matrix Factorization.

As the microbiome is composed of a variety of microbial interactions, it is imperative in microbiome research to identify a microbial sub-community that collectively conducts a specific function. However, current methodologies have been highly limited to analyzing conditional abundance changes of individual microorganisms without considering group-wise collective microbial features. To overcome this limitation, we developed a network-based method using nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) to identify functional meta-microbial features (MMFs) that, as a group, better discriminate specific environmental conditions of samples using microbiome data.

Scale-Up Production of Type O and A Foot-and-Mouth Disease Bivalent Vaccine and Its Protective Efficacy in Pigs.

South Korea has experienced FMD outbreaks almost every year since 2014. Therefore, a novel local vaccine that can cover various topotypes of viruses is required. Two virus strains, O/Boeun/SKR/2017 and A/Yeoncheon/SKR/2017, were cultured up to the pilot scale based on the optimized conditions set up on the flask scale.

Production of a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Antigen Using Suspension-Adapted BHK-21 Cells in a Bioreactor.

The baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cell line is a continuous cell line used to propagate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus for vaccine manufacturing. BHK-21 cells are anchorage-dependent, although suspension cultures would enable rapid growth in bioreactors, large-scale virus propagation, and cost-effective vaccine production with serum-free medium. Here, we report the successful adaptation of adherent BHK-21 cells to growth in suspension to a viable cell density of 7.

Development of a Potent Stabilizer for Long-Term Storage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Antigens.

A local virus isolate, O/SKR/JC/2014 (O JC), has been considered as a candidate vaccine strain in the development of a domestic foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine in Korea. However, producing and preserving a sufficient quantity of intact vaccine antigens from the O JC strain was difficult owing to its distinctive structural instability compared to other candidate vaccine strains. Based on this feature, the O JC strain was adopted as a model virus for the stabilization study to determine the optimal stabilizer composition, which enables long-term storage of the FMD vaccine antigen in both aqueous and frozen phases.

Polarization- and Electrode-Optimized Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films for Harsh Environmental Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Applications.

While piezoelectric nanogenerators have demonstrated the effective conversion of tiny mechanical vibrations to electricity, their performances are rarely examined under harsh environmental conditions. Here, a multilayered polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film-based piezoelectric nanogenerator (ML-PENG) is demonstrated to generate considerable and stable power outputs even at extremely low temperatures and pressures, and under strong UV. Up-/down-polarized PVDF films are alternately stacked, and Ag electrodes are intercalated between the two adjacent films.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Evades Innate Immune Response by 3C-Targeting of MDA5.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease caused by FMD virus (FMDV) in cloven-hoofed animals. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) are representative receptors in the cytoplasm for the detection of viral RNA and trigger antiviral responses, leading to the production of type I interferon. Although MDA5 is a crucial receptor for sensing picornavirus RNA, the interplay between MDA5 and FMDV is relatively unknown compared to the interplay between RIG-I and FMDV.