Objectives: Although several self-reported questionnaire-based studies have found an association between smoking and moderately increased albuminuria, this result remains controversial. We investigated whether moderately increased albuminuria was associated with smoking status, verified by urinary cotinine (an objective biomarker of tobacco exposure), using population-based, nationally representative data.
Methods: This study included 2059 participants aged ≥ 50 years from the 2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.