The prominent multiplication of Japanese soil-borne wheat mosaic virus co-infected with barley yellow mosaic virus in barley.

Various members of the viral genera Furovirus and Bymovirus are damaging pathogens of a range of crop species. Infection of the soil-borne plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis transmits both Japanese soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (JSBWMV) and the barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) to barley, but their interaction during an episode of their co-infection has not been characterized to date. Here, we present an analysis of the titer of JSBWMV and BaYMV in plants of winter barley growing over a five-month period from late fall until mid-spring.

Identification of Isolates Breaking Resistance in Japan.

In early spring 2018, significant mosaic disease symptoms were observed for the first time on barley leaves ( L., cv. New Sachiho Golden) in Takanezawa, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

Series of Resistance Genes in Barley () that Control Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus Multiplication and the Root-to-Leaf Systemic Movement.

The infection of young winter barley (e L.) root system in winter by barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) can lead to high yield losses. Resistance breeding is critical for managing this virus, but there are only a few reports on resistance genes that describe how the genes control BaYMV propagation and the systemic movement from the roots to the leaves.

Mutations within the miR172 target site of wheat homoeologs regulate lodicule size and rachis internode length.

Closed fertilization in flowers, or cleistogamy, reduces the risk of fungal infection in Triticeae crops. In barley (), cleistogamy is determined by a single recessive gene, , which results from a single nucleotide polymorphism within the microRNA172 target site of the () transcription factor gene. The recessive allele negatively regulates the development of lodicules, keeping florets closed at anthesis.

Organ-enriched gene expression during floral morphogenesis in wild barley.

Floral morphology varies considerably between dicots and monocots. The ABCDE model explaining how floral organ development is controlled was formulated using core eudicots and applied to grass crops. Barley (Hordeum.

Genetic resistance in barley against functions in the roots.

Infection by the (JSBWMV) can lead to substantial losses in the grain yield of barley and wheat crops. While genetically based resistance to this virus has been documented, its mechanistic basis remains obscure. In this study, the deployment of a quantitative PCR assay showed that the resistance acts directly against the virus rather than by inhibiting the colonization of the roots by the virus' fungal vector .

Wheat originated from and confers resistance to soil-borne infection to the roots.

(WYMV) is a pathogen transmitted into its host's roots by the soil-borne vector . and genes protect the host from the significant yield losses caused by the virus, but the mechanistic basis of these resistance genes remains poorly understood. Here, it has been shown that and act within the root either by hindering the initial movement of WYMV from the vector into the root and/or by suppressing viral multiplication.

Genome-Wide Analysis of Gene Family Reveals Potential Role in Regulation of Spike Development in Barley.

Sucrose nonfermenting 2 (Snf2) family proteins, as the catalytic core of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, play important roles in nuclear processes as diverse as DNA replication, transcriptional regulation, and DNA repair and recombination. The gene family has been characterized in several plant species; some of its members regulate flower development in Arabidopsis. However, little is known about the members of the family in barley ().

Genome sequencing-based coverage analyses facilitate high-resolution detection of deletions linked to phenotypes of gamma-irradiated wheat mutants.

Background: Gamma-irradiated mutants of Triticum aestivum L., hexaploid wheat, provide novel and agriculturally important traits and are used as breeding materials. However, the identification of causative genomic regions of mutant phenotypes is challenging because of the large and complicated genome of hexaploid wheat.

Comparative Analysis of Root Transcriptome Reveals Candidate Genes and Expression Divergence of Homoeologous Genes in Response to Water Stress in Wheat.

Crop cultivars with larger root systems have an increased ability to absorb water and nutrients under conditions of water deficit. To unravel the molecular mechanism of water-stress tolerance in wheat, we performed RNA-seq analysis on the two genotypes, Colotana 296-52 (Colotana) and Tincurrin, contrasting the root growth under polyethylene-glycol-induced water-stress treatment. Out of a total of 35,047 differentially expressed genes, 3692 were specifically upregulated in drought-tolerant Colotana under water stress.

Combined QTL mapping and RNA-Seq profiling reveals candidate genes associated with cadmium tolerance in barley.

The high toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and its ready uptake by plants has become a major agricultural problem. To investigate the genetic architecture and genetic regulation of Cd tolerance in barley, we conducted quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis in the phenotypically polymorphic Oregon Wolfe Barley (OWB) mapping population, derived from a cross between Rec and Dom parental genotypes. Through evaluating the Cd tolerance of 87 available doubled haploid lines of the OWB mapping population at the seedling stage, one minor and one major QTL were detected on chromosomes 2H and 6H, respectively.

Gene expression of rice seeds surviving 13- and 20-month exposure to space environment.

Rice seeds were exposed outside of the international space station to assess the risk of space environment exposure on gene expression associated with seed germination. The germination percentages of the space-stored and ground-stored seeds exposed for 13 months were 48 and 96% respectively. Those for 20 months were 7 and 76%, respectively.

Variation of DNA methylation patterns associated with gene expression in rice (Oryza sativa) exposed to cadmium.

We report genome-wide single-base resolution maps of methylated cytosines and transcriptome change in Cd-exposed rice. Widespread differences were identified in CG and non-CG methylation marks between Cd-exposed and Cd-free rice genomes. There are 2320 non-redundant differentially methylated regions detected in the genome.

TENOR: Database for Comprehensive mRNA-Seq Experiments in Rice.

Here we present TENOR (Transcriptome ENcyclopedia Of Rice, http://tenor.dna.affrc.

Construction of pseudomolecule sequences of the aus rice cultivar Kasalath for comparative genomics of Asian cultivated rice.

Having a deep genetic structure evolved during its domestication and adaptation, the Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) displays considerable physiological and morphological variations. Here, we describe deep whole-genome sequencing of the aus rice cultivar Kasalath by using the advanced next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to gain a better understanding of the sequence and structural changes among highly differentiated cultivars. The de novo assembled Kasalath sequences represented 91.

A BAC physical map of aus rice cultivar 'Kasalath', and the map-based genomic sequence of 'Kasalath' chromosome 1.

Comparative analysis using available genomic resources within closely related species is an effective way to investigate genomic sequence and structural diversity. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has undergone significant physiological and morphological changes during its domestication and local adaptation.

Diversity in the complexity of phosphate starvation transcriptomes among rice cultivars based on RNA-Seq profiles.

Rice has developed several morphological and physiological strategies to adapt to phosphate starvation in the soil. In order to elucidate the molecular basis of response to phosphate starvation, we performed mRNA sequencing of 4 rice cultivars with variation in growth response to Pi starvation as indicated by the shoot/root dry weight ratio. Approximately 254 million sequence reads were mapped onto the IRGSP-1.

Characterisation of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) transcriptome by de novo assembly for the discovery of phosphate starvation-responsive genes: gene expression in Pi-stressed wheat.

Background: Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. To modulate their P homeostasis, plants must balance P uptake, mobilisation, and partitioning to various organs. Despite the worldwide importance of wheat as a cultivated food crop, molecular mechanisms associated with phosphate (Pi) starvation in wheat remain unclear.