Analysis of mortality in François' langurs () managed care in rare animal breeding Center in Wuzhou, Guangxi, China: a 16-year review.

In managed care settings, primates are susceptible to a variety of health complications. A comprehensive understanding of the causes of mortality and their association with management practices is essential for enhancing the welfare of managed care populations such as François' langurs (). However, literature addressing prevalent diseases or causes of death in such settings remains limited among François' langurs in managed care.

Feeding Postures and Substrate Use of François' Langurs () in the Limestone Forest of Southwest China.

The feeding posture of a group of François' langurs in Fusui County, Guangxi, was studied using instantaneous scan sampling from January to December 2016 to explore how the species adapts to karst limestone forests by collecting data on feeding posture, forest strata height, and substrate use. The results showed that leaves were the main food type of the François' langurs, with young leaves accounting for 64.97% ± 19.

Evaluation of Gut Microbiota Stability and Flexibility as a Response to Seasonal Variation in the Wild François' Langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) in Limestone Forest.

The coevolution between gut microbiota and the host markedly influences the digestive strategies of animals to cope with changes in food sources. We have explored the compositional structure and seasonal variation in the gut microbiota of François' langur in a limestone forest in Guangxi, southwest China, using 16S rRNA sequencing. Our results demonstrated that and were the dominant phyla in langurs, followed by , , and at the family level.

Gut microbiota of white-headed black langurs () in responses to habitat fragmentation.

The white-headed black langur () is exclusively distributed in the karst forests and is critically endangered owing to habitat fragmentation. Gut microbiota can provide physiological data for a comprehensive study of the langur's response to human disturbance in the limestone forest; to date, data on spatial variations in the langurs' gut microbiota are limited. In this study, we examined intersite variations in the gut microbiota of white-headed black langurs in the Guangxi Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve, China.

Seasonal variations in gut microbiota of semiprovisioned rhesus macaques () living in a limestone forest of Guangxi, China.

Assessment of gut microbiota, used to explore ecological adaptation strategies and evolutionary potential of species, provides a new viewpoint to the conservation and management of endangered animals. In this research, the gut microbiota of a group of semiprovisioned rhesus macaques () living in a limestone forest exhibiting seasonal changes in plant items were studied to investigate the adaptation strategies of these macaques to this specific habitat. The findings revealed significant seasonal changes in the diversity and composition of the rhesus macaques' gut microbiota, which were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season.

Habitat use of the white-headed langurs in limestone forest of Southwest Guangxi, China: Seasonality and group size effects.

Understanding how animals cope with habitat-specific environmental factors can assist in species conservation management. We studied the habitat use of four groups (two large and two small groups) of white-headed langurs () living in the forest of southwest Guangxi, China between September 2016 and February 2017 via instantaneous scan sampling. Our results showed that the langurs primarily used hillsides (55.

Food availability, temperature, and day length drive seasonal variations in the positional behavior of white-headed langurs in the limestone forests of Southwest Guangxi, China.

Information on positional behavior contributes to the understanding of the ecological adaptation mechanisms in animals. We collected data on the positional behavior of white-headed langurs () at the Guangxi Chongzuo White-Headed Langur National Nature Reserve from September 2016 to August 2017 instantaneous scan sampling method. This study aimed to examine the importance of positional behavior flexibility in limestone forests characterized by seasonal variations in climate and food resources.

Interannual variation in food choice of white-headed langur inhabiting limestone forests in Fusui, southwest Guangxi, China.

Food habits are important factors in the adaptation of wild nonhuman primates. White-headed langurs () are endemic to heavily fragmented limestone forests and adapt to unique living environments via flexible food selection strategies. In this study, we compared the dietary data for white-headed langurs living in Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve in 2013 and 2016 to evaluate interannual variations in diet.

Gut microbiota are associated with sex and age of host: Evidence from semi-provisioned rhesus macaques in southwest Guangxi, China.

Host characteristics, such as sex and age, are closely associated with the structure and function of gut microbiota; however, less is known about the effects of age and sex on the gut microbiota of nonhuman primates, and therefore, our knowledge of interindividual variability in host gut microbiota is limited. In this study, 153 fecal samples from rhesus macaques () were analyzed using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing in order to explore associations between age and sex of the host and their gut microbiota. The results indicated that female macaques had higher alpha diversity and a more unique gut microbiota than did males.

Seasonal variation in the gut microbiota of rhesus macaques inhabiting limestone forests of southwest Guangxi, China.

Data on the gut microbiota of animals can provide new insights into dietary ecology of hosts, consequently assisting in understanding their adaptation strategy and evolutionary potential. We studied the gut microbiota composition and function of the wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) using 16S rRNA sequencing method. Our results revealed that the gut microbiota of the wild rhesus macaques was dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Spirochaetes.

Nutrient contents predict the bamboo-leaf-based diet of Assamese macaques living in limestone forests of southwest Guangxi, China.

Determining the nutrient factors influencing food choice provides important insight into the feeding strategy of animals, which is crucial for understanding their behavioral response to environmental changes. A bamboo-leaf-based diet is rare among mammals. Animals' food choice and nutritional goals have been explained by several frameworks; however, the influence of nutrients on food choice in bamboo-leaf-based macaques is not yet available.

Behavioral adjustments and support use of François' langur in limestone habitat in Fusui, China: Implications for behavioral thermoregulation.

Climatic factors such as temperature and humidity vary seasonally in primate habitats; thus, behavioral adjustments and microhabitat selection by primate species have been interpreted as behavioral adaptations. François' langur (), a native species to southwest China and northern Vietnam, inhabits a limestone habitat with extreme climatic conditions. To understand the potential effects of climatic seasonality on this species, we collected data on the individual behavioral budgets in a group between January and December 2010 in Fusui County, China.

Gut microbiota of provisioned and wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) living in a limestone forest in southwest Guangxi, China.

The gut microbiota plays an important role in animal health and is strongly affected by the environment. Captivity and human source food have been shown to influence drastically the gut microbiota composition and function of wild animals. Therefore, in the present study, the gut microbiota of provisioned and wild populations of limestone-living rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were compared using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses.

New troglomorphic species of Tomocerus with well-developed postantennal organs (Collembola: Tomoceridae).

Three new troglobitic species of Tomocerus are described from the southwestern karsts of China. All of them have well developed postantennal organs. Tomocerus dong sp.

Two closely related Homidia species (Entomobryidae, Collembola) revealed by morphological and molecular evidence.

Two closely related Homidia species, H. fascia Wang & Chen, 2001 and H. pseudofascia sp.

Genetic analysis of group composition and relatedness in white-headed langurs.

We collected fecal samples of white-headed langurs from 3 of the 4 remaining habitat fragments (Fa, Fb and CZ) located in southwestern Guangxi, China in Nov 2005, and used 5 microsatellite loci and the SRY gene to assess the relatedness between 46 langurs within and between groups. We observed 2 forms of group structure: one-male/multi-female groups (OMGs) and all-male groups (AMGs). One AMG in Fa was composed of 2 generations, included a father, 2 sons and 1 unrelated male, and all OMGs in all 3 habitats included 1 resident male, several adult females and offspring.

Three new cavernicolous species of dragon millipedes, genus Desmoxytes Chamberlin, 1923, from southern China, with notes on a formal congener from the Philippines (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae).

The large Southeast Asian genus Desmoxytes is slightly rediagnosed. A number of troglomorphic, most likely troglobitic, species occur in southern China. A key is provided to all 10 Desmoxytes spp.

Feeding strategy of François' langur and white-headed langur at Fusui, China.

We investigated the diet of a group of François' langur inhabiting a forest fragment between August 2002 and July 2003 to add to our knowledge of behavior and ecology of this langur. Our objective was to study whether the François' langur would adopt a feeding strategy similar to the white-headed langur in the same nature reserve. Data indicated that a total of 37 plant species were eaten by François' langur; however, only ten species accounted for 90% of the total feeding time.

Ranging behavior of the François' langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) in the Fusui Nature Reserve, China.

Data on activity budgets and ranging patterns were collected from March to December 2001 for one group of François' langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) inhabiting a forested part of the Fusui Nature Reserve, Guangxi province, China. Our results indicate that the total size of the home range of the study group during the study period was 19 ha. The majority of their activities (52%) occurred within a small area, 22%, of their home range, and was concentrated in or near quadrats containing their sleeping sites, which may reduce the time and energetic cost of travel.

How does the white-headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) adapt locomotor behavior to its unique limestone hill habitat?

Limestone hill habitats pose unique challenges to langurs. One of the characteristics of this habitat is its cliffs, which account for about 10-20% of the total area. We have never observed langurs falling from the cliffs during our 10-year field study.