Stannate-Based Materials as Anodes in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review.

Binary metal oxide stannate (MSnO; M = Zn, Mn, Co, etc.) structures, with their high theoretical capacity, superior lithium storage mechanism and suitable operating voltage, as well as their dual suitability for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), are strong candidates for next-generation anode materials. However, the capacity deterioration caused by the severe volume expansion problem during the insertion/extraction of lithium or sodium ions during cycling of MSnO-based anode materials is difficult to avoid, which greatly affects their practical applications.