Preparation of Herbal Extracts for Intestinal Immune Modulation Activity Based on Screening and Evaluation of Rosc. Extracts.

Ten traditional herbal extracts effective against diarrhea, infectious diseases, and bacterial activity were selected and analyzed for Peyer's patch cell-mediated intestinal immunomodulatory activity and . Among the 10 herbal extracts, Rosc. (ZO) extract induced the highest secretion of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the cells of Peyer's patches.

Social pressure-induced craving in patients with alcohol dependence: application of virtual reality to coping skill training.

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the interaction between alcohol cues and social pressure in the induction of alcohol craving.

Methods: Fourteen male patients with alcohol dependence and 14 age-matched social drinkers completed a virtual reality coping skill training program composed of four blocks according to the presence of alcohol cues (x2) and social pressure (x2). Before and after each block, the craving levels were measured using a visual analogue scale.

Development and verification of an alcohol craving-induction tool using virtual reality: craving characteristics in social pressure situation.

Alcoholism is a disease that affects parts of the brain that control emotion, decisions, and behavior. Therapy for people with alcoholism must address coping skills for facing high-risk situations. Therefore, it is important to develop tools to mimic such conditions.