Nuclear localization sequence of MoHTR1, a Magnaporthe oryzae effector, for transcriptional reprogramming of immunity genes in rice.

Plant pathogens secrete nuclear effectors into the host nuclei to modulate the host immune system. Although several nuclear effectors of fungal pathogens have been recently reported, the molecular mechanism of NLS-associated transport vehicles of nuclear effectors and the roles of NLS in transcriptional reprogramming of host immunity genes remain enigmatic. We previously reported the MoHTR1, a nuclear effector of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae.

The nuclear effector MoHTR3 of Magnaporthe oryzae modulates host defence signalling in the biotrophic stage of rice infection.

Fungal effectors play a pivotal role in suppressing the host defence system, and their evolution is highly dynamic. By comparative sequence analysis of plant-pathogenic fungi and Magnaporthe oryzae, we identified the small secreted C H zinc finger protein MoHTR3. MoHTR3 exhibited high conservation in M.

Red and blue light-specific metabolic changes in soybean seedlings.

Red and blue artificial light sources are commonly used as photosynthetic lighting in smart farm facilities, and they can affect the metabolisms of various primary and secondary metabolites. Although the soybean plant contains major flavonoids such as isoflavone and flavonol, using light factors to produce specific flavonoids from this plant remains difficult because the regulation of light-responded flavonoids is poorly understood. In this study, metabolic profiling of soybean seedlings in response to red and blue lights was evaluated, and the isoflavone-flavonol regulatory mechanism under different light irradiation periods was elucidated.

Accumulation of Antioxidative Phenolics and Carotenoids Using Thermal Processing in Different Stages of Fruit.

The bitter taste of fruit limits its consumption, although the health benefits are well known. The thermal drying process is considered as an alternative method to reduce the bitterness. However, processing studies have rarely investigated physiochemical changes in fruit stages.

Phenolic Compounds from the Fruits of Prunus davidiana (Rosaceae) and Their Antioxidant Activities.

This research was supported by Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ014204032019) and the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2020R1A6A3A01100042).

Changes in Quercetin Derivatives and Antioxidant Activity in Marigold Petals ( L.) Induced by Ultraviolet-B Irradiation and Methyl Jasmonate.

Marigold petals contain numerous antioxidative flavonoids and carotenoids that can be affected by environmental stressors. There is yet no detailed study on the relationship between phytochemical accumulation and stressors in marigold petals. This study evaluated quercetin derivatives and antioxidant activity in marigold petals in response to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment.

Comparative profiling of canonical and non-canonical small RNAs in the rice blast fungus, .

RNA interference (RNAi) is divided into canonical, Dicer-dependent and non-canonical, Dicer-independent pathways according to Dicer protein dependency. However, sRNAs processed in a Dicer-independent manner have not been reported in plant pathogenic fungi, including We comparatively profiled the Dicer-dependent and -independent sRNAs of . Dicer-dependent sRNAs were 19-24-nt in length, had low strand-specificity, and showed a preference for uracil at the 5'-end.

Necrosis of Microcystis aeruginosa causing tannin derivatives in Rhus chinensis stem.

Background: Algal infestation in Korean lakes, rivers, and in agroecosystems is a catastrophic problem resulting in contaminated drinking and agricultural irrigation water. Developing allelochemical-based algicides has previously faced difficulties, including dosage requirements and chemical instability. Despite these challenges, these algicides have enormous potential for eco-friendly use.

Genome wide association study to detect genetic regions related to isoflavone content in a mutant soybean population derived from radiation breeding.

Isoflavones are major secondary metabolites that are exclusively produced by legumes, including soybean. Soy isoflavones play important roles in human health as well as in the plant defense system. The isoflavone content is influenced by minor-effect quantitative trait loci, which interact with polygenetic and environmental factors.

The Different Contributors to Antioxidant Activity in Thermally Dried Flesh and Peel of Astringent Persimmon Fruit.

In the thermal-drying processing of astringent persimmon fruit, the tissue-specific changes in the key antioxidants have hardly been investigated, while they have been well investigated in the flesh. We report here the different patterns of the antioxidant activities in the thermally processed flesh and peel of astringent persimmon, with analyses of the carotenoids, the condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and the total phenolics and flavonoids. The persimmon powders presented different colors on the basis of the drying temperatures: brown in 30 °C; light yellow in 60 °C; and dark brown in 90 °C, respectively.

Isoflavone Changes in Immature and Mature Soybeans by Thermal Processing.

The isoflavone changes occurring in mature soybeans during food processing have been well studied, but less information is available on the changes in immature soybeans during thermal processing. This study aimed to determine the effect of thermal processing by dry- or wet-heating on the changes in the isoflavone profiles of immature and mature soybeans. In the malonylglycoside forms of isoflavone, their deglycosylation was more severe after wet-heating than after dry-heating regardless of the soybean maturity.

PtrMYB120 functions as a positive regulator of both anthocyanin and lignin biosynthetic pathway in a hybrid poplar.

Both anthocyanins and lignins are essential secondary metabolites in plant growth and development. Their biosynthesis is metabolically interconnected and diverges in the central metabolite 4-coumaroyl CoA of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Considerable progress has been made in understanding transcriptional regulation of genes involved in lignin and anthocyanin synthesis pathways, but the concerted regulation of these pathways is not yet fully understood.

Differential Gene Expression Associated with Altered Isoflavone and Fatty Acid Contents in Soybean Mutant Diversity Pool.

Soybean seeds are consumed worldwide owing to their nutritional value and health benefits. In this study we investigated the metabolic properties of 208 soybean mutant diversity pool (MDP) lines by measuring the isoflavone and fatty acid contents of the seed. The total isoflavone content (TIC) ranged from 0.

Antioxidant Contributors in Seed, Seed Coat, and Cotyledon of γ-ray-Induced Soybean Mutant Lines with Different Seed Coat Colors.

The development of soybean with high antioxidant activities for use in the food and cosmetics industries is a target of breeding programs. In soybean, antioxidants are associated with seed color, although the metabolic basis for seed coloration remains incompletely understood. We selected six γ-ray-induced mutant lines that exhibited black, partially black, brown, partially brown, or yellowish-white pigmentation in the seed coat.

Key Genes in the Melatonin Biosynthesis Pathway with Circadian Rhythm Are Associated with Various Abiotic Stresses.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a well-known animal hormone, is involved in several biological processes including circadian rhythm and the regulation of abiotic stress. A systematic understanding of the circadian regulation of melatonin biosynthesis-related genes has not been achieved in rice. In this study, key genes for all of the enzymes in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway that showed a peak of expression at night were identified by microarray data analysis and confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis.

Effects of UV-A radiation on organ-specific accumulation and gene expression of isoflavones and flavonols in soybean sprout.

Organ-specific flavonoid destination in soybean sprouts following UV irradiation is still unclear although the metabolic pathway of flavonoid synthesis and UV responded flavonoid accumulation have been well investigated. We report the identification of organ-specific localization and specific gene expression of isoflavones and kaempferol glycosides in the soybean sprouts responded to UV-A irradiation. UV-A irradiation stimulated only root isoflavones, especially increase of genistein types.

F-box only and CUE proteins are crucial ubiquitination-associated components for conidiation and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae.

Ubiquitination, an important process in post-translational modification, regulates various mechanisms in eukaryotes including protein degradation and interaction, cell cycle, stress response, and pathogenicity. The Skp1/Cullin/F-box and the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) complexes, RING E3 ligase complexes, are involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and protein quality control. The F-box protein has FBXO (F-box only or others), FBXW (with WD40), and FBXL (with LRR) classes depending on which interaction domain is present on the C-terminus.

Deglycosylation patterns of isoflavones in soybean extracts inoculated with two enzymatically different strains of lactobacillus species.

Microorganism selection is critical to deglycosylation in soybean fermentation for producing beneficial phytochemicals. This study investigated isoflavone bioconversion in soybean extract inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum K2-12 and Lactobacillus curvatus JD0-31 exhibiting different enzyme activities. L.

An analysis of evidence-based practice courses in Korean nursing education systems.

Objective: This study aims to examine the current status of evidence-based practice (EBP) courses and EBP-related courses in Korean nursing education systems.

Method: Subject institutions were 159 institutions including 99 universities and 60 colleges with a bachelor's degree program accredited by the Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing Education. Two researchers independently collected data from the subject institutions based on the curricula published on the website of each university or college, and the collected datasets were cross-checked to ensure data accuracy.

Isoflavone accumulation and the metabolic gene expression in response to persistent UV-B irradiation in soybean sprouts.

This study investigated the effects of persistent ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation on isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts. Three malonyl isoflavones were increased by UV-B. Malonylgenistin specifically accumulated upon UV-B exposure, whereas the other isoflavones were significantly increased under both dark conditions and UV-B exposure.

Kudzu Leaf Extract Suppresses the Production of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, Cyclooxygenase-2, Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, and Interleukin-6 via Inhibition of JNK, TBK1 and STAT1 in Inflammatory Macrophages.

Kudzu ( var. (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep) is a perennial leguminous vine, and its root and flower have been used for herbal medicine in Asia for a long time.

SUMOylation is required for fungal development and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.

Amongst the various post-translational modifications (PTMs), SUMOylation is a conserved process of attachment of a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) to a protein substrate in eukaryotes. This process regulates many important biological mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation, protein stabilization, cell cycle, DNA repair and pathogenesis. However, the functional role of SUMOylation is not well understood in plant-pathogenic fungi, including the model fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae.

Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus fermentum against Staphylococcus aureus.

The increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has become a major public health threat. While lactobacilli were recently found useful in combating various pathogens, limited data exist on their therapeutic potential for S. aureus infections.

Overexpression of PtrMYB119, a R2R3-MYB transcription factor from Populus trichocarpa, promotes anthocyanin production in hybrid poplar.

Anthocyanins are a group of colorful and bioactive natural pigments with important physiological and ecological functions in plants. We found an MYB transcription factor (PtrMYB119) from Populus trichocarpa that positively regulates anthocyanin production when expressed under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter in transgenic Arabidopsis Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that PtrMYB119 is highly homologous to Arabidopsis PAP1 (PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT1), a well-known transcriptional activator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Independently produced transgenic poplars overexpressing PtrMYB119 or PtrMYB120 (a paralogous gene to PtrMYB119) (i.