[Expert consensus on ethical requirements for artificial intelligence (AI) processing medical data].

As artificial intelligence technology rapidly advances, its deployment within the medical sector presents substantial ethical challenges. Consequently, it becomes crucial to create a standardized, transparent, and secure framework for processing medical data. This includes setting the ethical boundaries for medical artificial intelligence and safeguarding both patient rights and data integrity.

[Liver X receptor attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice].

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid decline in renal function. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is one of the main causes of AKI with the underlying mechanism incompletely clarified. The liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ, are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily.

Role of prostaglandin E and its receptors in chronic liver disease.

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a major global health burden in terms of growing morbidity and mortality. Although many conditions can cause CLD, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), viral hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury (DILI), alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the most common culprits. Prostaglandin E (PGE), produced in the liver, is an important lipid mediator derived from the ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, and plays a critical role in hepatic homeostasis.

Single hormone or synthetic agonist induces G/G coupling selectivity of EP receptors via distinct binding modes and propagating paths.

To accomplish concerted physiological reactions, nature has diversified functions of a single hormone at at least two primary levels: 1) Different receptors recognize the same hormone, and 2) different cellular effectors couple to the same hormone-receptor pair [R.P. Xiao, , re15 (2001); L.

Pregnane X receptor activation alleviates renal fibrosis in mice via interacting with p53 and inhibiting the Wnt7a/β-catenin signaling.

Renal fibrosis is a common pathological feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with various etiologies, which seriously affects the structure and function of the kidney. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and plays a critical role in regulating the genes related to xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism in mammals. Previous studies show that PXR is expressed in the kidney and has protective effect against acute kidney injury (AKI).

Emerging novel targets for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treatment: Evidence from recent basic studies.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a leading chronic disease worldwide, affects approximately a quarter of the global population. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced form of NAFLD and is more likely to progress to liver fibrosis than simple steatosis. NASH is also identified as the most rapidly growing cause of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Nuclear receptors in renal health and disease.

As a major social and economic burden for the healthcare system, kidney diseases contribute to the constant increase of worldwide deaths. A deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing the etiology, development and progression of kidney diseases may help to identify potential therapeutic targets. As a superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors, nuclear receptors (NRs) are critical for the maintenance of normal renal function and their dysfunction is associated with a variety of kidney diseases.

HSD17B13: A Potential Therapeutic Target for NAFLD.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), especially in its inflammatory form (steatohepatitis, NASH), is closely related to the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. Despite substantial advances in the management of NAFLD/NASH in recent years, there are currently no efficacious therapies for its treatment. The biogenesis and expansion of lipid droplets (LDs) are critical pathophysiological processes in the development of NAFLD/NASH.

A naturally occurring FXR agonist, alisol B 23-acetate, protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The ligand-activated nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), plays a pivotal role in regulating renal function. Activation of FXR by its specific agonists exerts renoprotective action in animals with acute kidney injury (AKI). In the present study, we aimed to identify naturally occurring agonists of FXR with potential as therapeutic agents in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

[Arachidonic acid metabolism in liver glucose and lipid homeostasis].

Arachidonic acid (AA) is an ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, which mainly exists in the cell membrane in the form of phospholipid. Three major enzymatic pathways including the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) pathways are involved in AA metabolism leading to the generation of a variety of lipid mediators such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and epoxyeicoastrienoic acids (EETs). These bioactive AA metabolites play an important role in the regulation of many physiological processes including the maintenance of liver glucose and lipid homeostasis.

[Overexpression of human EP4 receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertension in mice].

Prostaglandin E (PGE) plays an important role in cardiovascular system. PGE regulates blood pressure through its 4 G protein coupled receptors, i.e.

Ligand recognition, unconventional activation, and G protein coupling of the prostaglandin E receptor EP2 subtype.

Selective modulation of the heterotrimeric G protein α S subunit-coupled prostaglandin E (PGE) receptor EP2 subtype is a promising therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis, ocular hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the EP2-G complex with its endogenous agonist PGE and two synthesized agonists, taprenepag and evatanepag (CP-533536). These structures revealed distinct features of EP2 within the EP receptor family in terms of its unconventional receptor activation and G protein coupling mechanisms, including activation in the absence of a typical W "toggle switch" and coupling to G via helix 8.

[Role of systematic integration teaching reform at the basic medicine teaching stage in Chinese medical education system].

Systematic integration teaching is a curriculum system focusing on organs and systems, which is an important direction of medical education reform in China. Based on the practice of integrated curriculum teaching in Dalian Medical University for more than 10 years, combined with the experience in 15 medical colleges and universities in China, this paper analyzed the modes of systematic integrated teaching at the basic medicine teaching stage for medical higher education, and specified the purpose and significance of this teaching reform. The results showed that: (1) The systematic integrated teaching is a well-accepted and widely used teaching mode in domestic medical colleges and universities, which mainly includes three types of methodologies, i.

[Role of prostaglandin E receptor EP4 in the regulation of adipogenesis and adipose metabolism].

Adipose tissue is the energy storage organ of the body, and excess energy is stored in adipocytes in the form of lipid droplets. The homeostasis of adipose tissue is the basis for the body to maintain normal metabolic activity. Prostaglandin E (PGE) is an important lipid mediator in the body.

[Role of prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 in cardiovascular diseases].

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It acts as a bioactive lipid and plays an important role in regulating many biological processes. PGE2 binds to 4 different G protein-coupled receptors including prostaglandin E2 receptor subtypes EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4.

[Role of pregnane X receptor (PXR) in endobiotic metabolism].

As a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, the pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor. PXR is highly expressed in liver and intestinal tissues, and also found in other tissues and organs, such as stomach and kidney. After heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor (RXR), PXR recruits numerous co-activating factors, and binds to specific DNA response elements to perform transcriptional regulation of the downstream target genes.

[Hyperhomocysteinemia and kidney diseases].

Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate metabolite of methionine metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is defined as a condition characterized by plasma Hcy level above 16 μmol/L which can result from abnormal Hcy metabolism. HHcy has been confirmed to be related to cardio-cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome, liver cirrhosis and kidney diseases.

Crosstalk of Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia in Diabetic Kidney Disease.

Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is defined by the functional, structural, and clinical abnormalities of the kidney that are caused by diabetes.

Summary: One-third of both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients suffer from DKD, which is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, and is also associated with cardiovascular disease and high public health care costs. Serum glucose level and lipid level are key factors in the pathogenesis of DKD and are modifiable.

Liver X receptor α induces 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-13 expression through SREBP-1c.

Liver X receptors, including LXRα and LXRβ, are known to be master regulators of liver lipid metabolism. Activation of LXRα increases hepatic lipid storage in lipid droplets (LDs). 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-13 (17β-HSD13), a recently identified liver-specific LD-associated protein, has been reported to be involved in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Liver X receptor β increases aquaporin 2 protein level via a posttranscriptional mechanism in renal collecting ducts.

Liver X receptors (LXRs) including LXRα and LXRβ are nuclear receptor transcription factors and play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. It has been previously reported that mice lacking LXRβ but not LXRα develop a severe urine concentrating defect, likely via a central mechanism. Here we provide evidence that LXRβ regulates water homeostasis through increasing aquaporin 2 (AQP2) protein levels in renal collecting ducts.

An ERβ agonist induces browning of subcutaneous abdominal fat pad in obese female mice.

Estrogen, via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), exerts several beneficial effects on metabolism and energy homeostasis by controlling size, enzymatic activity and hormonal content of adipose tissue. The actions of estrogen on sympathetic ganglia, which are key players in the browning process, are less well known. In the present study we show that ERβ influences browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) via its actions both on sympathetic ganglia and on the SAT itself.

Intermedin1-53 Attenuates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress.

Objective: Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Intermedin (IMD) is a regulator of oxidative stress. Here, we investigated whether IMD reduces AAA by inhibiting oxidative stress.

Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 regulates both adipogenesis and lipolysis in mouse white adipose tissue.

Among the four prostaglandin E2 receptors, EP3 receptor is the one most abundantly expressed in white adipose tissue (WAT). The mouse EP3 gene gives rise to three isoforms, namely EP3α, EP3β, and EP3γ, which differ only at their C-terminal tails. To date, functions of EP3 receptor and its isoforms in WAT remain incompletely characterized.

Nuclear Receptor Regulation of Aquaporin-2 in the Kidney.

Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is a vasopressin-regulated water channel responsible for regulating water reabsorption through the apical plasma membrane of the principal cells of renal collecting ducts. It has been found that dysregulation and dysfunction of AQP2 cause many disorders related to water balance in people and animals, including polyuria and dilutional hyponatremia. Classically, AQP2 mRNA and protein expression and its membrane translocation are regulated by systemic vasopressin involving short-term regulation of AQP2 trafficking to and from the apical plasma membrane and long-term regulation of the total amount of the AQP2 protein in the cell.