Neonatal isoflurane exposure disturbs granule cell migration in the rat dentate gyrus.

It has been reported that neonatal isoflurane exposure causes behavioral abnormalities following neurodegeneration in animals and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA) receptor activation during the synaptogenesis is considered to be one possible trigger. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of excitatory GABA receptor signaling on the granule cell (GC) migration in the neonatal rat dentate gyrus (DG) was reported in a febrile seizure model. Then, we hypothesized that neonatal isoflurane exposure, which activates GABA receptor, causes GC migration disturbances in the neonatal rat.

Interleukin-1β Modulates Synaptic Transmission and Synaptic Plasticity During the Acute Phase of Sepsis in the Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Hippocampus.

Background: Aging and pre-existing cognitive impairment are considered to be independent risk factors for sepsis-associated encephalopathy. This study aimed to investigate the manner in which aging and pre-existing cognitive dysfunction modified neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, and basal synaptic transmission during the acute phase of sepsis using Senescence-Accelerated Mice Prone 8 (SAMP8) and Senescence-Accelerated Resistant Mice 1 (SAMR1).

Methods: We used 6-month-old SAMP8 and SAMR1.

Blocking Kv1.3 potassium channels prevents postoperative neuroinflammation and cognitive decline without impairing wound healing in mice.

Background: Postoperative cognitive decline (PCD) requires microglial activation. Voltage-gated Kv1.3 potassium channels are involved in microglial activation.

Isoflurane induces c-Fos expression in the area postrema of the rat.

Introduction: Volatile anesthetics are speculated to cause postoperative nausea and vomiting via stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). However, the precise mechanism underlying the emetic action of these drugs is not well understood. In this study, we assessed whether isoflurane induced the expression of c-Fos, a neuronal activation marker, in the area postrema (AP), the locus of the CTZ, in rats, which do not have vomiting action.

Changes of Cerebral Blood Volume During Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: Observational Prospective Study Using Near-Infrared Time-Resolved Spectroscopy.

Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) requires a steep head-down tilt and pneumoperitoneum, which may cause an increase in cerebral blood volume (CBV). With a new near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy device, the tNIRS-1, we can measure the absolute value of the cerebral hemoglobin concentration and hence calculate CBV and cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO). Using this device, we evaluated the time course of CBV during surgery and also evaluated the changes in rSO simultaneously.

Influence of nitrous oxide on granule cell migration in the dentate gyrus of the neonatal rat.

For several decades, the neurotoxicities of anesthetics to the developing brain have been reported by many researchers focusing on various phenomena such as apoptosis, neurodegeneration, electrophysiological aberrations, and behavioral abnormalities. According to these reports, signals via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA-r) and/or γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABA-r) are implicated in the anesthetic neurotoxicity. On the other hand, during brain development, NMDA-r and GABA-r are also recognized to play primary roles in neural cell migration.

Exercise Prevents Enhanced Postoperative Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline and Rectifies the Gut Microbiome in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome.

Introduction: Postoperative cognitive decline (PCD) can affect in excess of 10% of surgical patients and can be considerably higher with risk factors including advanced age, perioperative infection, and metabolic conditions such as obesity and insulin resistance. To define underlying pathophysiologic processes, we used animal models including a rat model of metabolic syndrome generated by breeding for a trait of low aerobic exercise tolerance. After 35 generations, the low capacity runner (LCR) rats differ 10-fold in their aerobic exercise capacity from high capacity runner (HCR) rats.

Dexmedetomidine Prevents Cognitive Decline by Enhancing Resolution of High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein-induced Inflammation through a Vagomimetic Action in Mice.

Background: Inflammation initiated by damage-associated molecular patterns has been implicated for the cognitive decline associated with surgical trauma and serious illness. We determined whether resolution of inflammation mediates dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of damage-associated molecular pattern-induced cognitive decline.

Methods: Cognitive decline (assessed by trace fear conditioning) was induced with high molecular group box 1 protein, a damage-associated molecular pattern, in mice that also received blockers of neural (vagal) and humoral inflammation-resolving pathways.

Microglia mediate postoperative hippocampal inflammation and cognitive decline in mice.

Surgery can induce cognitive decline, a risk that increases with advancing age. In rodents, postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) is associated with the inflammatory activation of hippocampal microglia. To examine the role of microglia in POCD, we inhibited the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) in adult mice, effectively depleting CNS microglia.

Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of a 13,13'-Bibenzo[b]perylenyl Derivative as a π-Extended 1,1'-Binaphthyl Analog.

A 13,13'-bibenzo[b]perylenyl derivative-an axially chiral π-extended compound in which two perylene subunits fused to 1,1'-binaphthyl scaffold-has been synthesized from 1,8-dibromophenanthrene using an anionic cyclodehydrogenation reaction in the presence of potassium metal as the key step. The pair of enantiomers can be separated by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which showed a strong circular dichroism (CD) (Δε = 330 M(-1) cm(-1) at 449 nm, |gCD| = 5.8 × 10(-3) at 453 nm), high fluorescence quantum yield (Φf = 64%), and strong circular polarized luminescence (CPL) (|gCPL| = 5 × 10(-3) at 454 nm) in solution phase.

Co-existing liver disease increases the risk of postoperative thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing hepatic resection: implications for the risk of epidural hematoma associated with the removal of an epidural catheter.

Purpose: A common surgical diagnosis for hepatic resection in Japan is hepatocellular carcinoma secondary to chronic viral hepatitis. It is known that chronic liver disease causes a decrease in blood platelet count. We retrospectively reviewed the perioperative changes in blood platelet count associated with hepatic resection at a Japanese institution and evaluated the incidence and risk factors for postoperative thrombocytopenia, which may increase the potential risk of epidural hematoma.

Neonatal exposure to sevoflurane causes significant suppression of hippocampal long-term potentiation in postgrowth rats.

Background: The inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane is commonly used for neonates in the clinical setting. Recent studies have indicated that exposure of neonatal rodents to sevoflurane causes acute widespread neurodegeneration and long-lasting neurocognitive dysfunction. Although acute toxic effects of sevoflurane on cellular viability in the hippocampus have been reported in some studies, little is known about the effects of neonatal sevoflurane exposure on long-term hippocampal synaptic plasticity, which has been implicated in the processes of learning and memory formation.

Neonatal administration with dexmedetomidine does not impair the rat hippocampal synaptic plasticity later in adulthood.

Background And Objective:   The use of dexmedetomidine (DEX), a selective alpha-2 agonist, in pediatric practice is expanding as a result of its desirable properties. To clarify the long-term neurological consequences of neonatal administration of DEX, we investigated the long-term effects of neonatal administration of DEX on hippocampal synaptic activity.

Methods:   The rat pups received a bolus intraperitoneal injection of either 5 or 10 μg·kg(-1) DEX, or an equivalent volume of vehicle on postnatal day 7 (P7).

[Case of lung torsion after esophagectomy].

A 77-year-old man underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Chest radiograph just after the operation showed opacification of the right lung. Although chest radiograph still showed a marked opacification of almost whole right lung in the ICU in spite of multiple bronchoscopy examination and suctioning of pulmonary secretions, he showed no dyspnea.

Unusual presentation of intraparenchymal renal artery aneurysm mimicking cystic renal cell carcinoma: a case report.

We describe a case of intraparenchymal renal artery aneurysm in a 58-year-old normotensive man with a history of distal ureterectomy. Imaging studies of the pre-existing right renal mass had been interpreted as being consistent with a simple renal cyst. Three years after ureterectomy, a small parietal nodule with contrast enhancement developed within the cyst.

Evaluation of bispectral index (BIS) as an indicator of central nervous system depression in horses anesthetized with propofol.

The bispectral index (BIS) was evaluated as an indicator of central nervous system (CNS) depression in horses anesthetized with propofol. Five non-premedicated horses were anesthetized with 7 mg/kg, IV propofol and the minimum infusion rate (MIR) of propofol required to maintain anesthesia was determined during intermittent positive pressure ventilation in each horse. The BIS was determined 20 min later and after stabilization at 2.

Gallbladder reefing for cholelithiasis as a complication of colon cancer.

In an 83-year-old woman presenting with gallstones and a cancer in the sigmoid colon, resection was performed through a median incision, after which the wound was extended, the stones were crushed, and the gallbladder was infolded and sutured (reefed). Even in elderly patients, some treatment for bile stones should be done at abdominal section to avoid future cholecystitis or complications. Reefing is a useful technique that can be done easily from a comparatively narrow field of view.

[Surgery for benign submucosal tumors of the esophagus (leiomyoma and hemangioma)].

Among the submucosal tumors of the esophagus, leiomyoma is the most frequently found. Esophageal leiomyoma usually originates from the muscle layer of the esophageal wall and grows spirally around the esophageal axis. In the surgical treatment of leiomyoma, we enucleate the tumor through video-assisted thoracic surgery.

[Controversies in esophageal cancer surgery].

In esophageal cancer treatment, the choice of treatment modality and the indications and extent of lymph node dissection surgery are controversial. In terms of the biological characteristics, esophageal cancer is more virulent than any other gastrointestinal malignancy. The distribution of lymph node metastases is very wide, extending from the neck to abdominal regions, and the sizes of lymph node metastases are very small.