Boronic Acid-Based Glucose Detection for Liver Three-Dimensional Cellular Models.

Liver 3D cell models are regularly employed as a screening platform for predicting the metabolic safety of drugs, by monitoring the physiological responses of the spheroids, through the measurement of relevant markers of normal liver physiology, notably glucose. Measuring glucose levels within the spheroids and their surroundings provides insight into the metabolic homeostasis of liver cells and may be employed as an indication of potential drug-induced toxicity. Several ortho-aminomethyl phenylboronic acid (PDBA) glucose sensors have been developed.