Antioxidant cysteine and methionine derivatives show trachea disruption in insects.

To prevent the deterioration of the global environment, the reduction of chemical pesticide use and the development of eco-friendly pest control technologies are urgent issues. Our recent study revealed that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by dual oxidase (Duox) plays a pivotal role in stabilizing the tracheal network by intermediating the tyrosine cross-linking of proteins that constitute trachea. Notably, the formation of dityrosine bonds by ROS can be inhibited by the intake of an antioxidant cysteine derivative N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), which can suppress insect respiration.

Geographical, Seasonal, and Growth-Related Dynamics of Gut Microbiota in a Grapevine Pest, Apolygus spinolae (Heteroptera: Miridae).

A number of insects are associated with gut symbiotic microorganisms, wherein symbiotic partners play pivotal metabolic roles for each other such as nutrient supplementation, diet degradation, and pesticide detoxification. Despite the ecological and evolutionary importance of gut microbial communities in insects, their diversity and dynamics remain unclear in many species. The green plant bug Apolygus spinolae, a notorious grapevine pest in Japan, damages grape shoots and severely reduces grape berry yield and quality.

Artificial intelligence-assisted volume isotropic simultaneous interleaved bright- and black-blood examination for brain metastases.

Purpose: To verify the effectiveness of artificial intelligence-assisted volume isotropic simultaneous interleaved bright-/black-blood examination (AI-VISIBLE) for detecting brain metastases.

Methods: This retrospective study was approved by our institutional review board and the requirement for written informed consent was waived. Forty patients were included: 20 patients with and without brain metastases each.

Hundreds of antimicrobial peptides create a selective barrier for insect gut symbionts.

The spatial organization of gut microbiota is crucial for the functioning of the gut ecosystem, although the mechanisms that organize gut bacterial communities in microhabitats are only partially understood. The gut of the insect has a characteristic microbiota biogeography with a multispecies community in the anterior midgut and a monospecific bacterial population in the posterior midgut. We show that the posterior midgut region produces massively hundreds of specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the Crypt-specific Cysteine-Rich peptides (CCRs) that have membrane-damaging antimicrobial activity against diverse bacteria but posterior midgut symbionts have elevated resistance.

Ingested soil bacteria breach gut epithelia and prime systemic immunity in an insect.

Insects lack acquired immunity and were thought to have no immune memory, but recent studies reported a phenomenon called immune priming, wherein sublethal dose of pathogens or nonpathogenic microbes stimulates immunity and prevents subsequential pathogen infection. Although the evidence for insect immune priming is accumulating, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The bean bug acquires its gut microbiota from ambient soil and spatially structures them into a multispecies and variable community in the anterior midgut and a specific, monospecies symbiont population in the posterior region.

Transposon sequencing reveals the essential gene set and genes enabling gut symbiosis in the insect symbiont .

is a bacterium belonging to the genus , which is able to colonize multiple environments like soils and the gut of the bean bug . We constructed a saturated mariner transposon library and revealed by transposon-sequencing that 498 protein-coding genes constitute the essential genome of for growth in free-living conditions. By comparing essential gene sets of and seven related strains, only 120 common genes were identified, indicating that a large part of the essential genome is strain-specific.

Comparison of diagnostic performance of radiologist- and AI-based assessments of T2-FLAIR mismatch sign and quantitative assessment using synthetic MRI in the differential diagnosis between astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare assessments by radiologists, artificial intelligence (AI), and quantitative measurement using synthetic MRI (SyMRI) for differential diagnosis between astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and oligodendroglioma, and IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted and to identify the superior method.

Methods: Thirty-three cases (men, 14; women, 19) comprising 19 astrocytomas and 14 oligodendrogliomas were evaluated. Four radiologists independently evaluated the presence of the T2-FLAIR mismatch sign.

Arterial spin labeling image findings in the acute phase in paediatric patients with acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion.

Introduction: Diagnosing acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) after the first seizure (early seizure/seizures, ES/ESs) is challenging because a reduced apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the cortical or subcortical white matter, often described as having a "bright-tree appearance (BTA)," is usually not observed until secondary seizures (late seizures, LSs) occur. Previous studies have reported hypoperfusion on arterial spin labeling (ASL) within 24 h after ES/ESs in patients with AESD and hyperperfusion within 24 h after LS onset. This study aimed to investigate cerebral blood flow in the hyperacute phase (between ES/ESs and LSs) using ASL in patients with AESD.

Symbiont coordinates stem cell proliferation, apoptosis, and morphogenesis of gut symbiotic organ in the stinkbug- symbiosis.

The bean bug obtains a specific bacterial symbiont, (), from the environmental soil and harbors it in the posterior midgut region that is composed of hundreds of crypts. While newly hatched aposymbiotic insects possess primordial midgut crypts with little or no lumen, colonization of triggers swift development of the symbiotic organ, forming enlarged and opened crypts, and the symbiont subsequently fills the luminal cavities of those mature crypts. The cellular processes of crypt development triggered by colonization are poorly understood.

Obligate Gut Symbiotic Association with Caballeronia in the Mulberry Seed Bug Paradieuches dissimilis (Lygaeoidea: Rhyparochromidae).

Many insects possess symbiotic bacteria in their bodies, and microbial symbionts play pivotal metabolic roles for their hosts. Members of the heteropteran superfamilies Coreoidea and Lygaeoidea stinkbugs harbor symbionts of the genus Caballeronia in their intestinal tracts. Compared with symbiotic associations in Coreoidea, those in Lygaeoidea insects are still less understood.

Intercontinental Diversity of Caballeronia Gut Symbionts in the Conifer Pest Bug Leptoglossus occidentalis.

Many stinkbugs in the superfamily Coreoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) develop crypts in the posterior midgut, harboring Caballeronia (Burkholderia) symbionts. These symbionts form a monophyletic group in Burkholderia sensu lato, called the "stinkbug-associated beneficial and environmental (SBE)" group, recently reclassified as the new genus Caballeronia. SBE symbionts are separated into the subclades SBE-α and SBE-β.

Quantitative relaxometry using synthetic MRI could be better than T2-FLAIR mismatch sign for differentiation of IDH-mutant gliomas: a pilot study.

This study aimed to determine whether quantitative relaxometry using synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (SyMRI) could differentiate between two diffuse glioma groups with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant tumors, achieving an increased sensitivity compared to the qualitative T2-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) mismatch sign. Between May 2019 and May 2020, thirteen patients with IDH-mutant diffuse gliomas, including seven with astrocytomas and six with oligodendrogliomas, were evaluated. Five neuroradiologists independently evaluated the presence of the qualitative T2-FLAIR mismatch sign.

A deep convolutional neural network-based automatic detection of brain metastases with and without blood vessel suppression.

Objectives: To develop an automated model to detect brain metastases using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and volume isotropic simultaneous interleaved bright-blood and black-blood examination (VISIBLE) and to compare its diagnostic performance with the observer test.

Methods: This retrospective study included patients with clinical suspicion of brain metastases imaged with VISIBLE from March 2016 to July 2019 to create a model. Images with and without blood vessel suppression were used for training an existing CNN (DeepMedic).

Insecticide resistance by a host-symbiont reciprocal detoxification.

Insecticide resistance is one of the most serious problems in contemporary agriculture and public health. Although recent studies revealed that insect gut symbionts contribute to resistance, the symbiont-mediated detoxification process remains unclear. Here we report the in vivo detoxification process of an organophosphorus insecticide, fenitrothion, in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris.

Worker-dependent gut symbiosis in an ant.

The hallmark of eusocial insects, honeybees, ants, and termites, is division of labor between reproductive and non-reproductive worker castes. In addition, environmental adaption and ecological dominance are also underpinned by symbiotic associations with beneficial microorganisms. Microbial symbionts are generally considered to be maintained in an insect colony in two alternative ways: shared among all colony members or inherited only by a specific caste.

Insecticide resistance governed by gut symbiosis in a rice pest, under laboratory conditions.

Resistance to toxins in insects is generally thought of as their own genetic trait, but recent studies have revealed that gut microorganisms could mediate resistance by detoxifying phytotoxins and man-made insecticides. By laboratory experiments, we here discovered a striking example of gut symbiont-mediated insecticide resistance in a serious rice pest, . The rice bug horizontally acquired fenitrothion-degrading through oral infection and housed it in midgut crypts.

Dual oxidase enables insect gut symbiosis by mediating respiratory network formation.

Most animals harbor a gut microbiota that consists of potentially pathogenic, commensal, and mutualistic microorganisms. Dual oxidase (Duox) is a well described enzyme involved in gut mucosal immunity by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that antagonizes pathogenic bacteria and maintains gut homeostasis in insects. However, despite its nonspecific harmful activity on microorganisms, little is known about the role of Duox in the maintenance of mutualistic gut symbionts.

Gamma distribution model of diffusion MRI for the differentiation of primary central nerve system lymphomas and glioblastomas.

The preoperative imaging-based differentiation of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) and glioblastomas (GBs) is of high importance since the therapeutic strategies differ substantially between these tumors. In this study, we investigate whether the gamma distribution (GD) model is useful in this differentiation of PNCSLs and GBs. Twenty-seven patients with PCNSLs and 57 patients with GBs were imaged with diffusion-weighted imaging using 13 b-values ranging from 0 to 1000 sec/mm2.

A Peptidoglycan Amidase Mutant of Burkholderia insecticola Adapts an L-form-like Shape in the Gut Symbiotic Organ of the Bean Bug Riptortus pedestris.

Bacterial cell shapes may be altered by the cell cycle, nutrient availability, environmental stress, and interactions with other organisms. The bean bug Riptortus pedestris possesses a symbiotic bacterium, Burkholderia insecticola, in its midgut crypts. This symbiont is a typical rod-shaped bacterium under in vitro culture conditions, but changes to a spherical shape inside the gut symbiotic organ of the host insect, suggesting the induction of morphological alterations in B.

Diagnostic accuracy for the epileptogenic zone detection in focal epilepsy could be higher in FDG-PET/MRI than in FDG-PET/CT.

Objectives: To examine the utility of FDG-PET/MRI in patients with epilepsy by comparing the diagnostic accuracy of PET/MRI and PET/CT in epileptogenic zone (EZ) detection.

Methods: This prospective study included 31 patients (17 males, 14 females) who underwent surgical resection for EZ. All patients were first scanned using FDG-PET/CT followed immediately with FDG-PET/MRI.

Correlations of amide proton transfer-weighted MRI of cerebral infarction with clinico-radiological findings.

Objective: To clarify the relationship between amide proton transfer-weighted (APTW) signal, which reflects intracellular pH, and clinico-radiological findings in patients with hyperacute to subacute cerebral infarction.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-nine patients (median age, 70 years [IQR, 54 to 74]; 15 men) were retrospectively examined. The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of APTW signal (APT10, APT25, APT50, APT75 and APT90, respectively) were measured within the infarction region-of-interest (ROI), and compared between poor prognosis and good prognosis groups (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score ≥2 and mRS score <2, respectively).

Vessel-selective 4D-MR angiography using super-selective pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling may be a useful tool for assessing brain AVM hemodynamics.

Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of 4D-MR angiography based on super-selective pseudo-continuous ASL combined with keyhole and view-sharing (4D-S-PACK) for vessel-selective visualization and to examine the ability of this technique to visualize brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).

Methods: In this retrospective study, 15 patients (ten men and five women, mean age 44.0 ± 16.

Genomic Comparison of Insect Gut Symbionts from Divergent Subclades.

Stink bugs of the superfamilies Coreoidea and Lygaeoidea establish gut symbioses with environmentally acquired bacteria of the genus sensu lato. In the genus , the stink bug-associated strains form a monophyletic clade, named stink bug-associated beneficial and environmental (SBE) clade (or ). Recently, we revealed that members of the family Largidae of the superfamily Pyrrhocoroidea are associated with but not specifically with the SBE ; largid bugs harbor symbionts that belong to a clade of plant-associated group of , called plant-associated beneficial and environmental (PBE) clade (or ).

Impact of the insect gut microbiota on ecology, evolution, and industry.

Insects harbor diverse microorganisms in the gut, providing their host with physiological and ecological advantages. For example, gut symbionts contribute to detoxification in phytophagous insects, degradation of lignocellulose in xylophagous insects, and in many insects, protection from pathogens by producing antimicrobial compounds. Furthermore, an unexpected function of the insect gut microbiota has been discovered-plastic degradation.